Iakhawunti yokuqala neyesithathu kaAdamu ibhekisela kakhulu emibhalweni yeBhayibheli etholakala kuGenesise, lapho ukudalwa kukaAdamu kunemininingwane eminingi. Lezi zindaba ezixoxwayo, nakuba zisekelwe esikweni lezenkolo lasendulo, ziye zavusa izingxoxo ezibanzi zezenkolo nezezazi eminyakeni edlule.

Ingqikithi Yomlando

Ukuze uqonde ngokugcwele ukubaluleka kokulandisa kukaAdamu, kubalulekile ukuqonda isimo sabo somlando namasiko. Incwadi kaGenesise, eyingxenye yePentateuch, cishe yaqoqwa phakathi nokudingiselwa eBabiloni (ngekhulu lesi6 B.C.E. Lesi sikhathi sasibalulekile emphakathini wamaJuda, ebhekene nokufuduka kanye nenselele yokulondoloza ubunjalo bawo. Izindaba zendalo azisebenzanga nje njengezitatimende zenkolo kuphela kodwa futhi njengokuqinisekisa ubuJuda ezweni langaphandle.

Emasikweni asendulo aseMpumalanga Eseduze, izinganekwane zendalo zazivamile. Isiqephu sendalo saseBabiloni, iEnuma Elish, sichaza ukudalwa komhlaba ngempi yasemkhathini. Ngokuphambene, ukulandisa kukaGenesise kubonisa umbono wezwe wokukholelwa kuNkulunkulu oyedwa, ogcizelela uNkulunkulu odala ngentando yaphezulu esikhundleni sobudlova. Lo mehluko ugcizelela imfundiso emisha engaphakathi kweBhayibheli lesiHeberu, ebonisa ukuthuthela emcabangweni onobunye nokuthula wendalo.

Imithelela Yezenkolo

Zombili izindaba zikaAdamu ziphethe imfundiso yenkolo ejulile. Eyokuqala igcizelela ukulingana kwabo bonke abantu. Ngokuthi bobabili owesilisa nowesifazane badalwa ngomfanekiso kaNkulunkulu, kusikisela isithunzi esingokwemvelo esidlula izimiso zezenhlalo nokuhlukaniswa kobulili. Lokhu kuqonda kube yisisekelo ezingxoxweni ezimayelana namalungelo abantu kanye nesithunzi somuntu ngamunye, kwakha izinhlaka zokuziphatha phakathi kobuJuda nobuKristu.

Ngokuphambene, lezi akhawunti zesibili zinikeza umbono ohlobene kakhulu. Ukwakheka kukaAdamu othulini kufanekisela ukuxhumana kwabantu emhlabeni, kugxilisa ulwazi lomuntu ngokoqobo ngokomzimba nangokomoya. Ukudalwa kukaEva kubambo lukaAdamu kugcizelela ukubaluleka komphakathi kanye nobudlelwano ebukhoneni babantu. Lesi sici sobudlelwane sinomthelela omkhulu ezingxoxweni ngomshado, umndeni, nezinhlaka zomphakathi, okuphakamisa ukuthi isintu senzelwe ukuxhumana nokusebenzisana.

Amasiko Okuhumusha

Kuwo wonke umlando, amasiko ahlukahlukene okuhumusha avele kulawa maakhawunti. Ezincwadini zakuqala zamaJuda, izincazelo zorabi zazivame ukugxila ezifundweni zokuziphatha ezithathwe endabeni kaAdamu. Isibonelo, umqondo wetikkun olam(ukulungisa umhlaba) kwesinye isikhathi uhlotshaniswa nesibopho somuntu kulandela ukuwa, ogcizelela ukusebenzelana okuqinile nomhlaba.

Izazi zemfundiso yenkolo zamaKristu okuqala, njengoIrenaeusandTertullian, zachaza ukungalaleli kukaAdamu njengomzuzu obalulekile oholela esidingweni sokuhlengwa ngoKristu. Lo mqondo wesono sokuqala, osekelwe esonweni sikaAdamu, waba imfundiso eyinhloko ezimfundisweni eziningi zobuKristu, uthonya izingxoxo zenkolo ngensindiso kanye nemvelo yomuntu.

IMiddle Agessaw enye incazelo yalezi timu. Umbono kaAugustine ngesono sokuqala wagcizelela ukwephulwa kwesintu okungokwemvelo ngenxa yokuwa kukaAdamu, kuyilapho ukuhumusha kukaAquinas kuhlanganisa nefilosofi kaAristotle, ephakamisa ukuthi ukucabanga nokholo kungaphilisana ngokuvumelana. Lokhu kuhlanganisa kwaba nomthelela ohlala njalo emcabangweni wobuKristu, kwabeka inkundla yezinkulumompikiswano zemfundiso yenkolo yeNguquko.

Inguquko Nangaphesheya

Ngesikhathi seNguquko, abantu abafana noMartin Luther kanye noJohn Calvin baphinde bavakashela izindaba zikaAdamu, begcizelela umusa kaNkulunkulu kanye nendima yokukholwa ensindisweni. Imfundiso yenkolo kaLuther yokulungisiswa yagcizelela umqondo wokuthi, naphezu kokushiyeka kwesintu, umusa kaNkulunkulu wawutholakala kubo bonke, uphonsela inselele imibono ebusayo yokufaneleka phakathi kweBandla.

Ezikhathini zanamuhla, ukufika kwezindlela ezibucayi ngokomlando kuholele ekuhlolweni kabusha kwale mibhalo. Izazi zaqala ukungabaza izincazelo ezivamile, zihlola ukulandisa kukaGenesise ngolimi, ukubhalwa kwezincwadi namasiko. Le ndlela yokufundisa yembule izingqimba zencazelo futhi yagqamisa ubunkimbinkimbi bemibhalo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwamagama ahlukene kaNkulunkulu ezindabeni (uElohim ekulandiseni kokuqala kanye noYahweh kweyesibili) kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nomlobi nemiyalezo ehlosiwe.

Ukuhambisana Kwesimanje

Namuhla, ukulandisa kukaAdamu kuzwakala kakhulu ezingxoxweni zobulili, indawo, kanye nokuziphatha. Izazi zemfundiso yenkolo zabesifazane zibekela inselele izincazelo ezingokwesiko eziqhubekisele phambili ubunzalamizi. Baphikisana nokuthi kufundwe kabusha imibhalo ehlonipha amazwi abantu besifazane, beqaphela ukuthi ukudalwa kukaEva akuyona nje indima yesibili kodwa kuyingxenye ebalulekile yendaba yesintu.

Izimiso zokuziphatha zemvelo, nazo, zithola isisekelo kulokhu kulandisa. Indaba yesibili, echaza uAdamu njengocowathatha insimu yaseEdene, uye wakhuthaza ukunyakaza okugxile ekuphatheni umhlaba. Ukuguquguquka kobudlelwane phakathi kwesintu nokudalwa kwakhiwe njengokunye kwesibopho esikhundleni sokubusa, kubizela izenzo ezisimeme nokuhlonipha umhlaba wemvelo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingxoxo ezizungezile ubulungiswa bezenhlalakahle zivame ukubiza amatimu ayisisekelo alawa maakhawunti. Umbono wokuthi bonke abantu badalwe ngomfanekiso kaNkulunkulu ugcizelela ukubaluleka kokulingana nesithunzi emiphakathini encishwe amathuba. Izishoshovu nezazi zemfundiso yenkolo ngokufanayo bathatha ezindabeni zikaGenesise ukuze bakhulume ngoshintsho oluhlelekile, begqamisa umthwalo wemfanelo wesintu ohlangene ngomunye nomunye kanye neplanethi.

Isakhiwo Semibhalo Nesitayela

Indlela ebhalwe ngayo yokulandisa kwendalo kaGenesise ibalulekile ekuqondeni izincazelo zako. Indaba yokuqala (Genesise 1:1–2:3) ihlelwe njengokulandisa kwendawo yonke, ehlelwe yaba izinsuku eziyisithupha zokudala okulandelwa usuku lokuphumula. Usuku ngalunye lwethula isenzo esisha sendalo, esifinyelela umvuthwandaba ekudalweni kwesintu ngosuku lwesithupha. Ukusetshenziswa ngokuphindaphindiwe kwemishwana efana nokuthi “Futhi uNkulunkulu wathi,” “Kwakukuhle,” nethi “Kwaba khona ukuhlwa, kwaba khona ukusa” kwakha umfanekiso wendalo onesigqi nokuhlelekile, ogcizelela amandla nenjongo kaNkulunkulu.

Ngokuphambene, lokhu kulandisa kwesibili (Genesise 2:425) kuqhutshwa ukulandisa, kugxile emininingwaneni ejulile yokudalwa kukaAdamu kanye nokusungulwa kweNsimu yaseEdene. Lokhu kulandisa kusebenzisa ulimi lweanthropomorphic, luchaza uNkulunkulu njengombumbi obumba uAdamu ngothuli futhi aphefumulela kuye ukuphila. Ukushintsha ukusuka kumbono omkhulu wecosmic ukuya endabeni yomuntu siqu nehlobeneyo kuthuthukisa izingqikithi zobudlelwano kanye nomphakathi okukhona kule ndaba.

Inganekwane Eqhathanisayo

Ukulandisa kwendalo kaGenesise kungaqondwa futhi ngokusebenzisa lens yezinganekwane eziqhathanisayo. Emasikweni amaningi asendulo, izindaba zendalo zisebenza ukuchaza imvelaphi yomhlaba nobuntu. Ngokwesibonelo, iEnuma Elish ichaza ukuzalwa konkulunkulu nokudalwa kwabantu ngegazi likankulunkulu obulewe, ebonisa umbono wezwe ogxile ezingxabanweni zaphezulu. Ngokuphambene, ukulandisa kukaGenesise kunikeza inqubo yokudala enokuthula eholwa uNkulunkulu oyedwa, onomusa, egcizelela ukuhleleka phezu kwezinxushunxushu.

Izifundo zokuqhathanisa nazo zikhombe ukufana phakathi kwezindaba zikaAdamu nezinye izinganekwane zasendulo zaseMpumalanga Eseduze. Ngokwesibonelo, iEpic of Gilgamesh, ihlanganisa izihloko zokufa kwabantu kanye nokufuna incazelo. Ngokuqhathanisa lezi zinganekwane nokulandisa kukaGenesise, izazi ziqokomisa iminikelo yenkolo eyingqayizivele yeBhayibheli lesiHeberu, ikakhulukazi ukugcizelela ubuhlobo besivumelwano phakathi kukaNkulunkulu nesintu.

Izimpendulo Zezenkolo

Imibono yezenkolo evela kulawa maakhawunti ijulile futhi inezici eziningi. Umqondo weimago Dei(isithombe sikaNkulunkulu) ubalulekile ekulandiseni kokuqala, okusikisela ukuthi bonke abantu babe nomfanekiso waphezulu onikeza isithunzi nokubaluleka. Lo mbono ube yisisekelo ezingxoxweni ezimayelana namalungelo abantu kanye nokuziphatha, usebenza njengendawo yokuhlangana yezinhlangano ezimela ubulungiswa bezenhlalakahle nokulingana.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvezwa kweakhawunti yesibili kukaAdamu njengomnakekeli weEdene kwethula umqondo wobuphathi, kubize isintu ukuthi sithambekele ekudaleni ngokuzibophezela. Lokhu kunomthelela omkhulu ezimisweni zesimanje zemvelo, njengoba kusibekela inselele ukuthi sicabangele ukuthi izenzo zethu ziwuthinta kanjani umhlaba kanye nemvelo yawo. Ubudlelwano phakathi kukaAdamu, uEva, kanye noNkulunkulu busebenza njengesibonelo sokuphila ngokuzwana, kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuncike komunye nomunye phakathi kwazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo.

Izindikimba Zengqondo Nezikhona

Izindaba ezixoxwayo zikaAdamu ziphinde zingene kuzindikimba zengqondo nezikhona. Iakhawunti yokuqala yethula isintu njengengxenye yohlelo olukhulu lwecosmic, imema ukuzindla ngendawo yethu endaweni yonke. Lo mbono ungavusa imizwa yokwesaba nenjongo, ukhuthaze abantu ukuba bacabangele indima yabo ohlelweni olukhulu lokudala.

Le akhawunti yesibili, egxile ebudlelwaneni bomuntu ngamunye, ikhuluma ngolwazi lomuntu lwesizungu kanye nesidingo sobungani. Ukuba yedwa kukaAdamu ngaphambi kokudalwa kukaEva kuphendula imibuzo ekhona mayelana nokuthi ungubani, ungowakho, kanye nemvelo yothando. Ukwakheka kukaEva kubambo lukaAdamu kugqamisa umqondo wokuthi ubudlelwano buyingxenye yesiqu somuntu, kugcizelela ukwesekana kanye nenjongo eyabiwe.

IInterfaith Dialogue

Izindaba zikaAdamu futhi zinikeza amathuba acebile ezingxoxo ezixube izinkolo. Kokubili inkolo yobuJuda nobuKristu isekela lezi zindaba, okuholela ekuqondeni okuhlanganyelwe kwesithunzi somuntu kanye nesibopho. EIslam, indaba kaAdamu ibalulekile ngokufanayo, neQuran imvuma njengomprofethi wokuqala nomuntu wokuqala owadalwa nguNkulunkulu. Leli gugu elihlanganyelwe livula izindlela zezingxoxo mayelana namagugu afanayo, okuhlanganisa ubuphathi bomhlaba kanyeubungcwele bempilo yomuntu.

Eminyakeni yakamuva, izinhlelo zokuhlanganisa izinkolo ziye zafuna ukuhlola lezi zindaba ngokubambisana, okugqugquzela ukuhloniphana nokuqondana. Ngokuxoxisana nezindaba zikaAdamu ngokwemibono yezenkolo eyahlukene, imiphakathi ingasebenza ndawonye ukuze ibhekane nezindaba zangaleso sikhathi ezifana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ubulungiswa bezenhlalakahle, namalungelo abantu. Le ndlela yokusebenzisana ayigcini nje ngokucebisa amasiko enkolo kodwa futhi iqinisa izibopho zomphakathi.

Isimo Somoya Sesimanje

Ngokwezimo ezingokomoya zanamuhla, ukulandisa kukaGenesise kumema abantu ukuba bazindle ngohambo lwabo olungokomoya. Umqondo wokudalwa ngomfanekiso kaNkulunkulu ungakhuthaza ukukhula komuntu siqu kanye nokuzamukela, ukhuthaze abantu ukuba bamukele ukubaluleka kwabo bemvelo. Amandla obudlelwano avezwe kulawa maakhawunti angasebenza njengesibonelo sokuhlakulela ubudlelwano obunempilo, kokubili wena kanye nabanye.

Ukwengeza, umqondo wobuphathi usebenza ngokuqinile kulabo abafuna ukuphila ngendlela yokuziphatha emhlabeni oyinkimbinkimbi. Ukunyakaza okungokomoya okuningi kwesimanje kugcizelela ukuxhumana nokucabangela, ukuvumelanisa nobizo lweBhayibheli lokunakekela indalo. Ngokuhlanganisa lezi zimiso empilweni yansuku zonke, abantu bangathuthukisa umuzwa wenjongo nokuxhumana kokuthile okukhulu kunabo.

Iqhaza Lenganekwane Ekuqondeni

Izindaba zikaAdamu nazo zigcizelela indima yenganekwane ekulolongeni ukuqonda komuntu. Izinganekwane zisebenza ekuvezeni amaqiniso ayisisekelo ngobukhona, ubuwena, nokuziphatha. Ukulandisa kukaGenesise, nakuba kusekelwe esimweni esithile samasiko, kuphendula imibuzo yendawo yonke eyeqa isikhathi nendawo. Zimema abafundi ukuthi bahlole isimo sobuntu, ubunkulunkulu, kanye nomhlaba obazungezile.

Le lensi yenganekwane ikhuthaza abantu ukuthi bazibandakanye nombhalo hhayi nje njengemibhalo yomlando kodwa njengezindaba eziphilayo ezikhuluma nezinto ezingokoqobo zangaleso sikhathi. Ngokuhumusha lokhu kulandisa ngamalensi omuntu siqu naphakathi komphakathi, abantu ngabanye bangathola imininingwane emisha ehambisana nolwazi lwabo kanye nezifiso zabo.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlolwa kokulandisa kokuqala nokwesithathu kukaAdamu kwembula indikimba ecebile yezindikimba eziqhubeka nokuba nomthelela ezingxoxweni zezenkolo, zokuziphatha, nezomoya namuhla. Lezi zindaba ezixoxwayo aziyona nje imibhalo yasendulo; ziyizindaba ezishukumisayo ezimema ukuzindla okuqhubekayo nokuhunyushwa. Ngokuhlolisisa izendlalelo zencazelo ngaphakathi kwalawa maakhawunti, singathola imininingwane ekhuluma nezinselele zethu zamanje nezinselele.

Njengoba sizibandakanya nalokhu kulandisa, sikhunjuzwa ngemibuzo ejulile abayiphakamisayo mayelana nobunikazi, injongo, nobudlelwano bethu phakathi kwethu sodwa kanye nomhlaba. Ukubaluleka okukhulu kwalawa maakhawunti kusekwazini kwawo ukusikhuthaza ukuthi siphile ngenhloso, ububele, kanye nomuzwa wokuzibophezela ngekusasa lethu esabelana ngalo. Ngokwenza kanjalo, singahlonipha ifa likaAdamu noEva kuyilapho sinikela ezweni elinobulungisa nelinobunye.