Umthethosisekelo wasePakistan wango1956: Uhlolojikelele Olubanzi

Umthethosisekelo wasePakistan wango1956 ubaluleke kakhulu njengohlaka lwezomthetho lokuqala olubanzi lwezwe ngemuva kokuzimela kwalo ngo1947. Ngemva kokuphela kokubusa kweBritish, iPakistan yaqale yasebenza ngaphansi koMthetho kaHulumeni waseIndia ka1935 njengomthethosisekelo wesikhashana. Izwe libhekane nezinselelo ezinkulu ekudaleni uhlaka olukwazi ukubhekelela amaqembu alo ahlukahlukene amasiko, ubuzwe, kanye nezilimi kuyilapho ligcina uhlaka lwentando yeningi. Umthethosisekelo wango1956 wawuyingqophamlando owazama ukukhombisa izinhloso zeriphabhulikhi yesimanje yamaIslamic ngenkathi ubhekelela izidingo zomphakathi onzima nohlukene.

Le ndatshana idingida izici ezibalulekile zoMthethosisekelo wasePakistan wango1956, ogqamisa ukwakheka kwawo, imigomo eyisiqondiso, uhlaka lwesikhungo, kanye nokushabalala kwawo ekugcineni.

Okuqukethwe Komlando Nengemuva

Ngaphambi kokuthi ungene emininingwaneni yoMthethosisekelo wango1956, kubalulekile ukuqonda umongo womlando oholele ekwakhiweni kwawo. Lapho ithola inkululeko ngo1947, iPakistan yazuza njengefa isimiso sephalamende esisekelwe eMthethweni Kahulumeni WaseNdiya ka1935. Nokho, isidingo somthethosisekelo omusha savela emaqenjini ahlukahlukene ezombusazwe, abaholi benkolo, nezinhlanga ezweni.

Umbuzo wokuthi hlobo luni lwezwe iPakistan okufanele ibe yiyo—ukuthi kufanele kube izwe elingakholwa noma lamaSulumane—wawubusa enkulumweni. Ukwengeza, ukuhlukana phakathi kweEast Pakistan (iBangladesh yanamuhla) neWest Pakistan kuphakamise imibuzo mayelana nokumeleleka, ukubusa, kanye nokwabelana ngamandla phakathi kwamaphiko amabili ezwe. Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yezinkulumompikiswano kanye nemibhalo eminingi yomthethosisekelo, uMthethosisekelo wokuqala wasePakistan wagcina ushaywe ngoMashi 23, 1956.

IIslam njengeNkolo Yombuso

Esinye sezici eziphawuleka kakhulu zoMthethosisekelo wango1956 kwaba ukumenyezelwa kwePakistan ngokuthi iIslamic Republic. Ngokokuqala ngqa, umthethosisekelo waqoka ngokusemthethweni inkolo yamaSulumane njengenkolo yombuso. Nakuba lokhu kwakuyintuthuko ebalulekile, umthethosisekelo ngesikhathi esifanayo wathembisa inkululeko yenkolo futhi waqinisekisa amalungelo ayisisekelo kuzo zonke izakhamuzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziyiphi inkolo.

Ngokubeka iIslam njengesisekelo sobunikazi bezwe, umthethosisekelo uhlose ukubhekana nezifiso zamaqembu ezenkolo osekunesikhathi eside elwela ukuthi iPakistani ifake imigomo yeIslamic. IObjectives Resolution yango1949, eyaba nomthelela omkhulu ohlelweni lokubhala, yafakwa esanduleleni somthethosisekelo. Lesi Sinqumo sathi ubukhosi bungokaAllah, futhi igunya lokuphatha lizosetshenziswa abantu basePakistan ngaphakathi kwemingcele ebekwe yiIslam.

Uhlelo Lwephalamende Lombuso

Umthethosisekelo wango1956 wethula uhlobo lukahulumeni lwephalamende, wathola ugqozi kumodeli yaseBritish Westminster. Yasungula isishayamthetho seabicameral neSishayamthetho Sikazwelonke kanye neSenethi.

• Isishayamthetho Sikazwelonke: Isishayamthetho Sikazwelonke kwakuzoba umgwamanda omkhulu wokushaya umthetho wezwe. Yakhelwe ukuqinisekisa ukumelwa ngokulingana okusekelwe kubantu. IEast Pakistan, okuyisifunda esinabantu abaningi, ithole izihlalo eziningi kuneWest Pakistan. Lesi simiso sokumelwa esisekelwe kumanani abantu sasiwudaba oluyimpikiswano, njengoba kwaholela ekukhathazekeni eNtshonalanga Pakistan mayelana nokubukelwa phansi kwezombusazwe.
• ISenethi: ISenethi yasungulwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukumelwa okulinganayo kwezifundazwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zingakanani inani labantu. Isifundazwe ngasinye sabelwa izihlalo ezilinganayo eSenate. Lokhu kulinganisa bekuhlose ukufaka ukwesaba ukubuswa yiningi eSishayamthetho Sikazwelonke.

Uhlelo lwephalamende belusho nokuthi isigungu esiphezulu sithathwe esiShayamthetho. UNdunankulu bekufanele abe yinhloko kahulumeni, ebhekele ukuphatha izindaba zezwe. UNdunankulu kwadingeka ukuthi abe yilungu lePhalamende Likazwelonke futhi wayala ukwethenjwa kwalo. UMongameli uyinhloko yombuso yomkhosi, okhethwe ngokungaqondile ngamalungu ePhalamende Likazwelonke kanye neSenethi.

Ukuhlukaniswa Kwamandla: IFederalism

Pakistan yaqanjwa njengezwe elihlangene ngaphansi koMthethosisekelo wango1956, owahlukanisa amandla phakathi kukahulumeni omaphakathi (umfelandawonye) kanye nezifundazwe. Umthethosisekelo unikeze ukuklanywa okucacile kwamandla ngokudala izinhlu ezintathu:

• Federal List: Lolu hlu luqukethe izihloko lapho uhulumeni omkhulu anegunya elikhethekile phezu kwazo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izindawo ezifana nezokuvikela, izindaba zangaphandle, imali, kanye nohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe.
• Uhlu Lwezifundazwe: Izifundazwe zazinegunya phezu kwezindaba ezifana nezemfundo, ezempilo, ezolimo, kanye nokubusa kwendawo.
• Uhlu Oluhambisanayo: Bobabili uhulumeni wobumbano nowezifundazwe bangashaya umthetho ngalezi zihloko, okuhlanganisa izindawo ezifana nomthetho wobugebengu nomshado. Uma kunengxabano, umthetho wefederal uyabusaiholwa.

Lesi sakhiwo sikahulumeni besibaluleke kakhulu uma kubhekwa umehluko omkhulu wendawo, amasiko, kanye nezilimi phakathi kweMpumalanga neNtshonalanga yePakistan. Kodwake, ukungezwani kuqhubekile nokushuba, ikakhulukazi eEast Pakistan, evame ukuzwa sengathi uhulumeni wobumbano ubekwe endaweni eyodwa ngokweqile futhi ubuswa iWest Pakistan.

Amalungelo Ayisisekelo Nenkululeko Yomphakathi

UMthethosisekelo ka1956 wawuhlanganisa nesahluko esibanzi saMalungelo Ayisisekelo, oqinisekisa inkululeko yomphakathi kuzo zonke izakhamuzi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi:

• Inkululeko yokukhuluma, yokuhlangana, nokuhlangana: Izakhamuzi zanikezwa ilungelo lokuveza imibono yazo ngokukhululekile, zihlangane ngokuthula, futhi zakhe izinhlangano.
• Inkululeko Yenkolo: Nakuba iIslam imenyezelwa njengenkolo yombuso, umthethosisekelo waqinisekisa inkululeko yokuvuma, ukuqhuba, nokusabalalisa noma iyiphi inkolo.
• Ilungelo lokulingana: Umthethosisekelo waqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamizi ziyalingana phambi komthetho futhi zinelungelo lokuvikelwa ngokulinganayo ngaphansi kwawo.
• Ukuvikelwa ekubandlululweni: Kwakwenqabela ukucwasa ngezizathu zenkolo, uhlanga, isigaba, ubulili, noma indawo yokuzalwa.

Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo ayisisekelo kwakunganyelwe abomthetho, benezinhlinzeko zokuthi abantu ngabanye bafune ukulungiswa uma amalungelo abo ephulwa. Ukufakwa kwalawa malungelo kubonise ukuzibophezela kwabasunguli emphakathini wentando yeningi onobulungisa.

Izobulungiswa: Ukuzimela kanye Nesakhiwo

Umthethosisekelo wango1956 nawo wenze izinhlinzeko zejaji elizimele. INkantolo Ephakeme yasungulwa njengenkantolo ephakeme kunazo zonke ePakistan, enamandla okubuyekeza inkantolo. Lokhu kwavumela inkantolo ukuthi ihlole ukuhambisana nomthethosisekelo kwemithetho kanye nezenzo zikahulumeni, iqinisekise ukuthi isigungu esiphezulu nesishayamthetho aweqi imingcele yawo.

Umthethosisekelo futhi uhlinzekele ukusungulwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme esifundazweni ngasinye, eyayinegunya phezu kwezindaba zesifundazwe. Amajaji Enkantolo Enkulu kanye Nezinkantolo Eziphakeme zazizoqokwa nguMongameli, ngokweseluleko sikaNdunankulu nangokubonisana neJaji Elikhulu.

Uphiko lwezobulungiswa lwanikezwa igunya lokuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo, futhi kwagcizelelwa umgomo wokwehlukaniswa kwamandla phakathi kwegatsha lokuphatha, lezomthetho, kanye nezamajaji. Lesi kwakuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekusunguleni uhlelo lokuhlola nokulinganisa, lokuqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha likahulumeni elingasebenza ngaphandle kokuziphendulela.

Izinhlinzeko zamaSulumane

Ngenkathi uMthethosisekelo wango1956 wawusekelwe ezimisweni zentando yeningi, waphinde wahlanganisa izinhlinzeko ezimbalwa zamaSulumane. Lokhu kufaka phakathi:

• Council of Islamic Ideology: Umthethosisekelo uhlinzekele ukusungulwa koMkhandlu Wemibono YamaSulumane, ojutshwe ukweluleka uhulumeni ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho iyahambisana nezimfundiso zamaSulumane.
• Ukukhuthazwa Kwezimiso ZamaSulumane: Umbuso wakhuthazwa ukuthi uthuthukise izindinganiso nezimfundiso zamaSulumane, ikakhulukazi ngemfundo.
• Awukho Umthetho Omelene Nenkolo YamaSulumane: Kwamenyezelwa ukuthi awukho umthetho okufanele ushaywe owenyanyekayo ezimfundisweni nemiyalo yeIslam, nakuba inqubo yokunquma leyo mithetho yayingacaciswanga ngokucacile.

Lezi zinhlinzeko zafakwa ukuze kube nokulinganisela phakathi kwamasiko omthetho wezwe atholwa njengefa kumaBritish kanye nezidingo ezikhulayo zokuthi Islamism ezivela emaqenjini ahlukahlukene ezombusazwe nezenkolo.

Ingxabano Yolimi

Ulimi kwakungolunye udaba olwalubangwa kuMthethosisekelo ka1956. Umthethosisekelo umemezele ukuthi isiUrdu nesiBengali njengezilimi ezisemthethweni zasePakistan, okubonisa amaqiniso olimi lwezwe. Lesi kwaba yimvume enkulu eMpumalanga Pakistan, lapho isiBengali kwakuwulimi oluhamba phambili. Kodwake, iphinde yagqamisa ukuhlukana kwamasiko nepolitiki phakathi kweMpumalanga neNtshonalanga yePakistan, njengoba isiUrdu sasikhulunywa kakhulu ophikweni lwasentshonalanga.

Inqubo Yokuchibiyela

UMthethosisekelo ka1956 uhlinzekele indlela yokuchitshiyelwa, edinga iningi lezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu kuzo zombili izindlu zePhalamende kunoma yiziphi izinguquko kumthethosisekelo. Le nqubo eqinile yayiklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza futhi ivimbele ukushintshwa okuvamile kohlaka lomthethosisekelo.

Ukuqedwa koMthethosisekelo ka1956

Naphezu kwemvelo yawo ebanzi, uMthethosisekelo ka1956 ube nesikhathi esifushane sempilo. Ukuntengantenga kwezombusazwe, ukungezwani kwezifunda, kanye nokubanga amandla phakathi kwabaholi bezempi nabezempi kwavimbela umthethosisekelo ukuba usebenze ngempumelelo. Ngo1958, iPakistan yayingene shi ezinxushunxushwini zezombusazwe, kwathi ngoOkthoba 7, 1958, uGeneral Ayub Khan wabamba umbuso wezempi, wachitha uMthethosisekelo wango1956 futhi wahlakaza iphalamende. Kwamenyezelwa umthetho wezempi, futhi amasosha alawula izwe.

Ukungaphumeleli koMthethosisekelo wango1956 kungabalelwa ezintweni eziningi, okuhlanganisa ukuhlukana okujulile kwesifunda phakathi kweMpumalanga neNtshonalanga yePakistan, ukuntuleka kwezikhungo zezombusazwe eziqinile, kanye nokugxambukela kwamasosha.udiniwe ezindabeni zezepolitiki.

Isiphetho

Umthethosisekelo wasePakistan wango1956 wawuwumzamo wesibindi wokudala izwe lesimanjemanje, lentando yeningi elisekelwe emigomeni yeIslamic. Yethula uhlelo lwephalamende yombuso, yafaka amalungelo ayisisekelo, futhi yafuna ukulinganisa izidingo zamaqembu ahlukahlukene ezweni. Kodwake, igcine ihlulekile ngenxa yokungaqini kahle kwezepolitiki, ukuhlukana kwezifunda, kanye nobuthakathaka bezikhungo zezepolitiki zasePakistan. Naphezu kokushiyeka kwawo, uMthethosisekelo ka1956 usalokhu uyisahluko esibalulekile emlandweni womthethosisekelo wasePakistan, obonisa imizabalazo yasekuqaleni yezwe yokuchaza ubunjalo balo kanye nesakhiwo sokubusa.

Umthethosisekelo wasePakistan wango1956, naphezu kokuba khona kwawo isikhashana, usalokhu uwumbhalo obalulekile emlandweni wezwe wezomthetho nezepolitiki. Nakuba kwakuwumthethosisekelo wokuqala wezwe owazalelwa ekhaya kanye nomzamo omkhulu wokusungula uhlaka lwentando yeningi, ubhekane nezinselelo eziningi zezombangazwe, izikhungo, namasiko okwagcina ziholele ekuchithweni kwawo. Naphezu kokwehluleka kwawo, umthethosisekelo unikeze izifundo ezibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni komthethosisekelo kanye nokubusa kwePakistan. Lokhu kuqhuba kuhlose ukuhlola lezo zifundo, ukuhlaziya ubunzima besikhungo kanye nesakhiwo, kanye nokuhlola umthelela wesikhathi eside woMthethosisekelo ka1956 ekuguqukeni kwezombusazwe wasePakistan.

Izinselelo Nemikhawulo Yesikhungo

Esinye sezizathu ezibalulekile esenze ukuhluleka koMthethosisekelo wango1956 kwaba ubuthakathaka bezikhungo zezepolitiki zasePakistan. Eminyakeni eyalandela inkululeko, iPakistan yayingenawo amaqembu ezombusazwe asekelwe kahle anemibono ecacile kanye nokuba khona kuzwelonke. IMuslim League, okuyiqembu ebelihola inhlangano yokusungulwa kwePakistan, yaqala ukuhlakazeka ngemuva nje kokusungulwa kwezwe. Ukubandlulula ngokwezifunda, ukuhlukana kwamaqembu, kanye nokwethembeka komuntu siqu kwathatha indawo yokuqala kunobunye bemibono. Ubuholi beqembu bebuvame ukubonakala njengobehlukene emazingeni aphansi, ikakhulukazi eEast Pakistan, lapho umuzwa wokuhlukana kwezepolitiki wawukhula ngamandla.

Ukungabikho kwezikhungo zezepolitiki namaqembu aqinile kube nomthelela ezinguqukweni ezivamile kuhulumeni nokungazinzi kwezepolitiki. Phakathi kuka1947 no1956, iPakistan yabona izinguquko eziningi ebuholini, lapho oNdunankulu beqokwa futhi baxoshwa ngokulandelana ngokushesha. Lokhu kuguquguquka okuqhubekayo kucekele phansi ukuba semthethweni kohlelo lwezepolitiki futhi kwenza kwaba nzima kunoma yimuphi uhulumeni ukwenza izinguquko eziphusile noma akhe izikhungo ezizinzile.

Ukungazinzi kwezombangazwe kuphinde kwadala isikhala sokungenelela okwengeziwe kwamasosha kanye nezikhulu, zombili ezikhule zibe namandla ngeminyaka yokuqala yombuso. Ukungakwazi kohulumeni bezakhamuzi ukunikeza ukubusa okuzinzile noma ukubhekana nezinkinga zezwe ezicindezelayo kwabangela umbono wokuthi isigaba sezombangazwe sasingafaneleki futhi sinenkohlakalo. Lo mbono unikeze izizathu zokuketulwa umbuso kwamasosha ngo1958, okwaholela ekuchithweni koMthethosisekelo ka1956.

Enye inselelo ebalulekile yesikhungo kwaba yindima evelele yebureaucracy. Ngesikhathi sokudalwa kwePakistan, ibureaucracy yayingesinye sezikhungo ezimbalwa ezihlelekile ezazuzwa njengefa ekuphathweni kwamakoloni aseBrithani. Kodwake, izikhulu zebureaucratic zazivame ukuzibona njengabantu abanekhono kunesigaba sezombangazwe futhi bafuna ukufakazela ithonya labo ekwenziweni kwenqubomgomo kanye nokubusa. Lokhu bekuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi eNtshonalanga yePakistan, lapho abasebenzi bakahulumeni abaphezulu besebenzisa amandla abalulekile futhi ngokuvamile bedlula noma bebukela phansi igunya labameleli abakhethiwe.

Njengoba bungekho ubuholi obuqinile bezepolitiki, izikhulu zebureaucratic zivele njengomdayisi obalulekile wamandla. Izikhulu eziphezulu zabamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekubumbeni uhlaka lokubusa kwasekuqaleni kwePakistan, futhi abaningi babo baba nesandla ekubhalweni koMthethosisekelo we1956. Nakuba ubungcweti babo babubalulekile, ukubusa kwabo kwakhubaza nokuthuthukiswa kwezikhungo zentando yeningi. Umqondo webureaucratic, owazuzwa njengefa ekubuseni kwamakholoni, wawuvame ukuhambisana nobaba futhi umelane nombono wobukhosi obudumile. Ngenxa yalokhu, ubuholi baba amandla alandelanayo, amelana noshintsho lwezepolitiki kanye nezinguquko zentando yeningi.

Umlingisi obaluleke kakhulu wesikhungo owaba nesandla ekuhlulekeni koMthethosisekelo ka1956 kwakuyibutho lezempi. Kusukela eminyakeni yokuqala yokuba khona kwePakistan, amasosha ayezibona engumnakekeli wobuqotho nokuzinza kwezwe. Ubuholi bezempi, ikakhulukazi eNtshonalanga yePakistan, bukhule bukhungatheka kakhulu ngenxa yokungazinzi kwezombusazwe kanye nokubonakala kungafaneleki kobuholi bomphakathi.

Jenene uAyub Khan, umkhuzi wamasosha, ubeyingxenye enkulu kulolu hlelo. Ubudlelwano bakhe nohulumeni ovamileunts wayevame ukugcwala, futhi kancane kancane wavela njengomdlali obalulekile wezepolitiki. UAyub Khan wayeyixwaye intando yeningi yasephalamende, ayekholelwa ukuthi yayingahambisani nesimo senhlalo nepolitiki yasePakistan. Ngokubona kwakhe, ukuhlukana okungapheli kanye nokuntuleka kobuholi obuqinile bezepolitiki kwenza uhlelo lokubusa lube sengcupheni yokuwa.

Umthethosisekelo ka1956 awuzange wenze lutho ukunqanda ithonya elikhulayo lamasosha. Nakuba yasungula isimiso sokubusa komphakathi, ukungazinzi kwezombusazwe kanye nezinguquko ezivamile kuhulumeni kwavumela amasosha ukuba andise ithonya lawo ezicini ezibalulekile zokubusa, okuhlanganisa ukuvikela, inqubomgomo yangaphandle, kanye nokuphepha kwangaphakathi. Iqhaza elikhulayo lezombangazwe lamasosha afinyelela umvuthwandaba ekumisweni komthetho wezempi ngo1958, okuphawula ukungenelela kokuqala kwezimbalwa emlandweni wezombangazwe wasePakistan.

IFederal Dilemma: IMpumalanga vs. West Pakistan

Umthethosisekelo wango1956 ubufuna ukulungisa udaba oselunesikhathi eside lukhona lokulinganisa amandla phakathi kweMpumalanga neNtshonalanga yePakistan, kodwa wagcina wehlulekile ukuxazulula ukungezwani okujulile phakathi kwamaphiko amabili. Umnyombo wenkinga kwakuwumehluko omkhulu wabantu phakathi kweMpumalanga neNtshonalanga yePakistan. IEast Pakistan yayiyikhaya labantu abangaphezu kwengxenye yabantu basePakistan, nokho yayingathuthukile ngokwezomnotho uma iqhathaniswa neNtshonalanga yePakistan enezimboni. Lokhu kwakha umuzwa wokubandlululwa kwezepolitiki nezomnotho ophikweni olusempumalanga, ikakhulukazi kubantu abaningi abakhuluma isiBengali.

Umthethosisekelo uzame ukubhekana nalokhu kukhathazeka ngokudala isishayamthetho sebicameral, esinokumelwa ngokulinganayo kuMkhandlu Kazwelonke kanye nokumelwa okulinganayo kuSenethi. Nakuba lolu hlelo lunikeze iEast Pakistan izihlalo ezengeziwe endlini ephansi ngenxa yobuningi besibalo sabantu, ukumeleleka okulinganayo eSigele kwabonwa njengemvume eNtshonalanga Pakistan, lapho izikhulu ezibusayo zesaba ukubekelwa eceleni ngokwepolitiki iningi eMpumalanga Pakistan.

Nokho, ukuba khona nje kokumelwa okulinganayo eSigele kwakunganele ukwanelisa izimfuno zamaPakistani aseMpumalanga zokuzimela okukhulu kwezepolitiki. Abaningi eEast Pakistan babe nomuzwa wokuthi uhulumeni wobumbano ubekwe endaweni eyodwa ngokweqile futhi ubuswa abantu abakhethekile baseWest Pakistani, ikakhulukazi labo abavela esifundazweni sasePunjab. Ukulawula kukahulumeni omkhulu ezindaweni ezibalulekile njengokuvikela, inqubomgomo yezangaphandle, kanye nokuhlelwa komnotho kwawukhulisa nakakhulu umuzwa wokuhlukaniswa eEast Pakistan.

Indaba yolimi ibingomunye umthombo omkhulu wokungezwani phakathi kwamaphiko amabili ePakistan. EMpumalanga Pakistan, isiBengali kwakuwulimi lwebele lweningi, kanti eNtshonalanga Pakistan, isiUrdu kwakuwulimi oluhamba phambili. Isinqumo sokumemezela isiUrdu njengowukuphela kolimi lwesizwe ngemva nje kwenkululeko saqubula imibhikisho eMpumalanga yePakistan, lapho abantu babuke lesi sinyathelo njengomzamo wokuphoqelela ukubusa kwamasiko eNtshonalanga Pakistani.

Umthethosisekelo wango1956 uzame ukudingida udaba lolimi ngokubona kokubili isiUrdu nesiBengali njengezilimi zezwe. Nokho, ukungezwani okukhona phakathi kwalezi zifunda ezimbili kwadlulela ngalé kombuzo wolimi. Umthethosisekelo wehlulekile ukubhekana nezikhalo ezibanzi zamasiko nezepolitiki zabantu baseEast Pakistanis, ababenomuzwa wokuthi isifunda sabo sithathwa njengekoloni laseNtshonalanga Pakistan. Ukufakwa phakathi kwamandla ezandleni zabantu abakhethekile basePakistani baseNtshonalanga, kuhlanganiswe nokunganakwa kwezomnotho kweEast Pakistan, kwadala umuzwa wokuncishwa amalungelo owawuzoba nomthelela kamuva esidingweni sokuhlukaniswa.

Ukungafani kwezomnotho phakathi kwalezi zifunda ezimbili kuqhubekisele phambili ukungezwani. IEast Pakistan yayigxile kakhulu kwezokulima, kanti iWest Pakistan, ikakhulukazi iPunjab neKarachi, yayithuthuke ngokwezimboni futhi ithuthuke kwezomnotho. Ngaphandle kwesibalo sabantu abaningi, iEast Pakistan yathola ingxenye encane yezinsiza zomnotho kanye nezimali zokuthuthukisa. Izinqubomgomo zezomnotho zikahulumeni omkhulu zazivame ukubonakala njengezivuna iNtshonalanga yePakistan, okuholela embonweni wokuthi iEast Pakistan yayixhashazwa ngendlela ehlelekile.

Umthethosisekelo ka1956 awuzange wenze lutho ukulungisa lokhu kuhlukana kwezomnotho. Ngenkathi isungula uhlaka lukahulumeni, yanikeza uhulumeni omkhulu ukulawula okubalulekile ekuhleleni umnotho kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwezinsiza. Abaholi baseEast Pakistan bafuna ukuzimela okukhulu kwezomnotho, kepha izimfuno zabo azizange zishaywe indiva uhulumeni omkhulu. Lokhu kubandlululwa kwezomnotho kube nomthelela ekukhuleni kokukhungatheka eEast Pakistan futhi kwabeka isisekelo sesidingo ekugcineni sokuzimela.

Izinhlinzeko ZamaSulumane Nezifiso Zezwe

Enye yezinselelo ezinzima kakhulu ekubhalweni koMthethosisekelo ka1956 kwakuwumbuzo wendima yeIslam ezweni. Ukusungulwa kwePakistan kwakusekelwe embonweni wokunikeza izwe lamaSulumane, kodwa kwaba nenkulumompikiswano ebalulekile mayelana nokuthi izwe kufanele libeumbuso weecular noma owamaSulumane. Abaholi bezombangazwe bezwe babehlukene phakathi kwalabo ababemelela umbuso wentando yeningi kanye nalabo ababefuna ukuthi iPakistan ibuswe ngokomthetho wamaSulumane.

IObjective Resolution of 1949, eyafakwa esethulweni soMthethosisekelo ka1956, yamemezela ukuthi ubukhosi bungobukaAllah nokuthi igunya lokuphatha lizosetshenziswa abantu basePakistan ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo ebekwe yiIslam. Lesi sitatimende sibonisa isifiso sokulinganisa izimiso zezwe zentando yeningi kanye nobunikazi benkolo bombuso.

Umthethosisekelo wango1956 wamemezela ukuthi iPakistan iyiRiphabhulikhi YamaSulumane, okokuqala ngqa ukuqokwa okunjalo emlandweni wezwe. Iphinde yafaka izinhlinzeko ezimbalwa zamaSulumane, njengokusungulwa koMkhandlu Wemibono YamaSulumane ukuze weluleke uhulumeni ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho iyahambisana nezimiso zamaSulumane. Kodwake, umthethosisekelo awuzange ubeke umthetho weSharia noma wenze umthetho wamaSulumane ube yisisekelo sohlelo lwezomthetho. Kunalokho, yayifuna ukwakha umbuso wesimanje wentando yeningi owaziswa izimiso zamaSulumane kodwa ongabuswa umthetho wenkolo.

Nakuba uMthethosisekelo wango1956 wamemezela ubuSulumane njengenkolo yombuso, wabuye waqinisekisa amalungelo ayisisekelo, okuhlanganisa nenkululeko yenkolo. Izinkolo ezincane, kuhlanganise namaHindu, amaKristu, nabanye, zanikezwa ilungelo lokusebenzisa ukholo lwazo ngokukhululekile. Umthethosisekelo wawukwenqabela ukucwasa ngokwenkolo, futhi wawuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi ziyalingana phambi komthetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zivela yiphi inkolo.

Lesi senzo sokulinganisa phakathi kobunikazi beIslamic kanye nobuningi bezenkolo sibonisa ubunkimbinkimbi bomphakathi wasePakistan. Izwe belingagcini nje ngokuba yikhaya leningi lamaSulumane kodwa futhi nezinkolo ezincane ezibalulekile. Abasunguli bomthethosisekelo babesazi kahle isidingo sokuvikela amalungelo abantu abambalwa ngenkathi kugcinwa isimo sombuso wamaSulumane.

Kodwake, ukufakwa kwezinhlinzeko zeIslamic kanye nokumenyezelwa kwePakistan njengeIslamic Republic kuphinde kwaphakamisa ukukhathazeka phakathi kwezinkolo ezincane, ezazisaba ukuthi lezi zinhlinzeko zingaholela ekubandlululweni noma ekumisweni komthetho wamaSulumane. Nakuba uMthethosisekelo wango1956 wawufuna ukuhlinzeka ngohlaka lokuhlalisana phakathi kwemiphakathi yezenkolo eyahlukene, ukungezwani phakathi kobunikazi bombuso weIslamic kanye nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu abambalwa kuzoqhubeka nokuba yimpikiswano ekuthuthukisweni komthethosisekelo wasePakistan.

Amalungelo Ayisisekelo Nokulunga Komphakathi

UMthethosisekelo ka1956 wawuhlanganisa nesahluko esinemininingwane eminingi Ngamalungelo Ayisisekelo, esasiqinisekisa inkululeko yomphakathi njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yokuhlangana, nenkululeko yenkolo. Uphinde wahlinzeka ngamalungelo ezenhlalo nezomnotho, okuhlanganisa nelungelo lokusebenza, ilungelo lemfundo, kanye nelungelo lokuba ngumnikazi wendawo.

Lezi zinhlinzeko beziyinkomba yokuzibophezela kwePakistan ekwakheni umphakathi onobulungiswa nolinganayo. Umthethosisekelo ubuhlose ukubhekana nezinselelo zezenhlalo nezomnotho ezibhekene nezwe, ezihlanganisa ububha, ukungafundi, nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi. Kodwake, ukusetshenziswa kwala malungelo kwavinjwa ukuntengantenga kwezombusazwe kanye nobunzima bezomnotho obukhungethe iPakistan ngeminyaka yawo1950.

Eqinisweni, ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo ayisisekelo kwakuvame ukubukela phansi ukungakwazi kukahulumeni ukuphoqelela umthetho. Ingcindezelo yezombangazwe, ukucutshungulwa, nokunciphisa ukungezwani kwakuvamile, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zezinxushunxushu zezombangazwe. Uphiko lwezobulungiswa, nakuba lwaluzimele ngokusemthethweni, lwaluvame ukungakwazi ukugomela igunya lalo futhi luvikele amalungelo ezakhamuzi lapho kubhekwa amandla aphezulu kanye nezempi.

Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu zenhlalo uMthethosisekelo ka1956 owawufuna ukuzilungisa kwakuwukushintshwa komhlaba. IPakistan, njengengxenye enkulu yeNingizimu Asia, yayibonakala ngokusatshalaliswa komhlaba okungalingani kakhulu, enezindawo ezinkulu eziphethwe abantu abancane abaphakeme kanye nezigidi zabalimi abangenamhlaba. Ukuqoqwa komhlaba ezandleni zabanikazi bomhlaba abambalwa kubonakale njengesithiyo esikhulu ekuthuthukisweni komnotho kanye nobulungiswa bezenhlalakahle.

Umthethosisekelo uhlinzekele ukuguqulwa komhlaba okuhloswe ngawo ukwaba kabusha umhlaba kubalimi kanye nokuhlakazwa kwezindawo ezinkulu. Kodwake, ukuqaliswa kwalezi zinguquko kwahamba kancane futhi kwabhekana nokuphikiswa okuphawulekayo okuvela kwabaqashiwe, abaningi babo ababenezikhundla ezinamandla kuhulumeni kanye neziphathimandla. Ukwehluleka ukwenza izinguquko eziphusile zomhlaba kube nomthelela ekuqhubekeleni phambili kobumpofu nokungalingani ezindaweni zasemakhaya, ikakhulukazi eNtshonalanga Pakistan.

Ukuwa Komthethosisekelo Wango1956: Izimbangela Ezisheshayo

Ngasekupheleni kwawo1950, iPakistan yayibhekene nokuntengantenga kwezombusazwe okukhulu. Izinguquko ezivamile kuhulumeni, ukuhlukana phakathi kwamaqembu ezombusazwe, kanye nokungabikho kobuholi obuzinzile bezepolitikiwadla umuzwa wesiphithiphithi. IMuslim League ebusayo yayihlukene yaba amaqembu amaningi, kwase kuvela amaqembu ezombusazwe amasha, njengeAwami League eEast Pakistan kanye neRepublican Party eNtshonalanga yePakistan.

Ukungakwazi kwesigaba sezepolitiki ukuphatha ngempumelelo kuqede ukwethenjwa komphakathi kunqubo yentando yeningi. Inkohlakalo, ukungasebenzi, kanye nokubangisana komuntu siqu phakathi kosopolitiki kwaba buthaka nokuba semthethweni kukahulumeni. Umthethosisekelo wango1956, owaklanyelwe ukuhlinzeka ngohlaka oluzinzile lokubusa, awukwazanga ukusebenza ngempumelelo kulesi simo sokuxokozela kwezombusazwe.

Pakistan nayo yayibhekene nenkinga yezomnotho enzima ngasekupheleni kwawo1950. Umnotho wezwe wawudonsa kanzima ukubhekana nezinselelo zentuthuko, futhi kwakunobubha nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi okwakudlangile. Ukwehluka kwezomnotho phakathi kweMpumalanga neNtshonalanga yePakistan kwabhebhethekisa ukungezwani kwezombusazwe phakathi kwalezi zifunda ezimbili, kanye nokwehluleka kukahulumeni omkhulu ukubhekana nalokhu kuhlukana kwabhebhethekisa ukunganeliseki.

Izinkinga zezomnotho ziphinde zabukela phansi ikhono likahulumeni lokufeza izithembiso zakhe zobulungiswa bezenhlalo nezomnotho. Izinguquko zomhlaba, ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni, kanye nezinhlelo zokuqeda ubumpofu kungenzeka ukuthi azisetshenziswanga kahle noma zahluleka. Ukungakwazi kukahulumeni ukubhekana nezinselelo zomnotho izwe elibhekene nazo kwenze kwaba buthaka ukuba semthethweni kwalo.

NgoOkthoba 1958, uGeneral Ayub Khan, umkhuzi omkhulu wamasosha, wavukela umbuso, echitha uMthethosisekelo ka1956 futhi wabeka umthetho wezempi. Ukuketula umbuso kwaphawula ukuphela kokuhlolwa kokuqala kwePakistan ngentando yeningi yasephalamende kanye nokuqala kwesikhathi eside sokubusa kwezempi.

UAyub Khan ukuthethelele lokhu ngokuketula umbuso ngokuthi uhlelo lwezombusazwe seluphelelwe wumsebenzi nokuthi amasosha yiwona kuphela isikhungo esikwazi ukubuyisela ukuthula nokuzinza. Usole ubuholi bezepolitiki ngokungakwazi ukusebenza kahle, inkohlakalo, nokuhlukana kwamaqembu, wathembisa nokuguqula uhlelo lwezepolitiki ukuze lusebenze kahle futhi lukwazi ukusabela ezidingweni zabantu.

Ukuketulwa kwamasosha kwamukelwa kabanzi ngaleso sikhathi, njengoba abantu abaningi basePakistan babedangele isigaba sezombusazwe futhi bebona amasosha njengamandla aletha uzinzo. Nokho, ukubekwa komthetho wezempi kuphinde kwaphawula inguquko emlandweni wezombangazwe wasePakistan, njengoba kwabeka isibonelo sokungenelela kwamasosha esikhathini esizayo futhi kwabukela phansi ukuthuthukiswa kwezikhungo zentando yeningi.

Umthelela Wesikhathi Eside Womthethosisekelo Wango1956

Nakuba uMthethosisekelo wango1956 waba wesikhashana, ifa lawo lisaqhubeka nokuba nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwezombusazwe kanye nomthethosisekelo wasePakistan. Izingqinamba eziningi ebifuna ukuzilungisa, njengokulingana phakathi kweIslam nenkolo, ubudlelwano phakathi kweMpumalanga neNtshonalanga yePakistan, kanye neqhaza lamasosha kwezombusazwe, kusalokhu kuyingqikithi enkulumweni yepolitiki yasePakistan.

UMthethosisekelo ka1956 wabeka isisekelo soMthethosisekelo ka1973, osasebenza nanamuhla. Izimiso nezinhlaka eziningi ezisungulwe uMthethosisekelo we1956, ezifana nefederalism, intando yeningi yephalamende, kanye nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo ayisisekelo, zadluliselwa kuMthethosisekelo we1973. Kodwake, izifundo ezatholwa ekuhlulekeni koMthethosisekelo ka1956, ikakhulukazi isidingo sokuphatha okuqinile kanye nokuzinza okukhulu kwezombusazwe, nakho kwaba nomthelela ekubhalweni koMthethosisekelo ka1973.

Ukwehluleka koMthethosisekelo wango1956 ukubhekana nokungezwani phakathi kweMpumalanga neNtshonalanga yePakistan kwagqamisa izinselelo zeFederalism kanye nokuzimela kwesifunda ezweni elihluke ngokwendawo namasiko. Ulwazi loMthethosisekelo wango1956 lwazisa izimpikiswano zakamuva mayelana nefederalism, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuhlukaniswa kweEast Pakistan kanye nokudalwa kweBangladesh ngo1971.

Umthethosisekelo wango1973 wethula uhlaka lukahulumeni oluhlukaniseke kakhulu, namandla amakhulu adluliselwe ezifundazweni. Nokho, ukungezwani phakathi kukahulumeni omkhulu kanye nezifundazwe, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ezifana neBalochistan kanye neKhyber Pakhtunkhwa, kusaqhubeka nokuba yinkinga enkulu ohlelweni lwezepolitiki lwasePakistan.

Isimemezelo soMthethosisekelo sango1956 sePakistan njengeIslamic Republic kanye nokufakwa kwayo kwezinhlinzeko zamaSulumane kubeka inkundla yezinkulumompikiswano zesikhathi esizayo ngendima yeIslam ezweni. Ngenkathi uMthethosisekelo wango1973 ubugcinile ubunjalo bombuso wamaSulumane, uphinde wabhekana nezinselelo eziqhubekayo zokulinganisa ubuwena bamaSulumane nezimiso zentando yeningi kanye nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu abambalwa.

Umbuzo wokuthi kubuyiswa kanjani ubunjalo beIslamic yasePakistan nokuzibophezela kwayo kuntando yeningi, amalungelo abantu, kanye nobuningi kusalokhu kuyindaba esemqoka ekuthuthukisweni kwezombusazwe kanye nomthethosisekelo wezwe.

Isiphetho

Umthethosisekelo wasePakistan wango1956kwakuwumzamo obalulekile kodwa ekugcineni onephutha wokudala umbuso wentando yeningi, wombuso, nowamaSulumane. Yayifuna ukubhekana nezinselelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zezombangazwe, zamasiko, nezomnotho ezibhekene nezwe elisha elizimele, kodwa ayikwazanga ukuhlinzeka ngozinzo kanye nokuphatha okudingwa yiPakistan. Ukungezwani phakathi kweMpumalanga neNtshonalanga yePakistan, ubuthakathaka bezikhungo zezombusazwe, kanye nomthelela okhulayo wamasosha konke kube nomthelela ekwahlulekeni komthethosisekelo.

Naphezu kwesikhathi sawo esifushane, uMthethosisekelo wango1956 ube nomthelela waphakade ekuthuthukisweni kwezepolitiki yasePakistan. Yabeka izibonelo ezibalulekile zezinhlaka zomthethosisekelo zakamuva, ikakhulukazi uMthethosisekelo ka1973, futhi yagqamisa izinselelo ezibalulekile iPakistan ezoqhubeka nokubhekana nazo emizamweni yayo yokwakha izwe elizinzile, lentando yeningi.