Indlela Impi YaseIranIraq Eyabuthinta Ngayo Ubudlelwano Bamazwe Ngamazwe

Impi yaseIranIraq, eyadonsa kusukela ngoSepthemba 1980 kuya kuAgasti 1988, imi njengenye yezingxabano ezibhubhisa kakhulu ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama20. Bekuwumzabalazo othathe isikhathi eside futhi ochitha igazi phakathi kwemibuso emibili yaseMpumalanga Ephakathi, iIran neIraq, enomthelela omkhulu futhi ofinyelela kude kuguquko lwesifunda kanye nepolitiki yomhlaba. Impi ayizange nje ilungise isimo sasekhaya samazwe ahilelekile kodwa futhi yaba nomthelela omkhulu ebudlelwaneni bamazwe ngamazwe. Imiphumela yokungqubuzana kwezwe, ezomnotho, nezempi ibe nomthelela kuzinqubomgomo zangaphandle, imifelandawonye, ​​kanye nezinjongo zamasu zamazwe akude ngale kweMpumalanga Ephakathi.

Umsuka Wempi: IGeopolitical Rivalry

Imisuka yempi yaseIranIraq ilele ekwehlukaneni okujulile kwezepolitiki, kwezindawo, kanye namahlelo phakathi kwalezi zizwe zombili. IIran, ngaphansi kokubusa kobukhosi bakwaPahlavi ngaphambi kwenguquko yango1979, yayingelinye lamazwe abusa kakhulu esifundeni. IIraq, eholwa yiBa'ath Party kaSaddam Hussein, nayo yayinesifiso sokuvelela, ifuna ukuzibonakalisa njengomholi wesifunda. Ingxabano yokulawula umzila wamanzi uShatt alArab, owakha umngcele phakathi kwalezi zizwe ezimbili, yayingenye yezinto eziyimbangela yokungqubuzana ngokushesha.

Kodwake, umsuka walezi zinkinga zendawo kwakuwukuncintisana okubanzi kwezwe. IIran, enabantu abaningi abangamaShia kanye namagugu amasiko asePheresiya, kanye neIraq, ikakhulukazi amaArab kanye namaSunni ephethwe ezingeni eliphezulu, yayilungele ukungqubuzana njengoba bobabili befuna ukuveza ithonya labo esifundeni sonke. INguquko YamaSulumane yango1979 eIran, eyaxosha iproWestern Shah futhi yafaka umbuso ongokwasezulwini ngaphansi kukaAyatollah Khomeini, yaqinisa lezi zimbangi. Uhulumeni omusha waseIrani, olangazelela ukuthumela ngaphandle imibono yawo yamaIslamist eguquguqukayo, wabeka usongo oluqondile embusweni kaSaddam Hussein weBaathist wezwe. USaddam naye ubesaba ukwanda kokunyakaza kwamaShia eIraq, lapho iningi labantu lingamaShia, okungenzeka ligqugquzelwe uguquko lwaseIran. Lokhu kuhlangana kwezici kwenze impi yacishe yagwemeka.

Imithelela Yesifunda kanye NeMpumalanga Ephakathi

Ngesikhathi sempi, amazwe amaningi amaArab, okuhlanganisa iSaudi Arabia, iKuwait, namamonarchies amancane eGulf, acheme neIraq. Bebesaba intshiseko yoguquko yombuso waseIran futhi bekhathazekile ngokusabalala okungenzeka kwezinhlangano zamaShia Islamist esifundeni sonke. Usizo lwezezimali nolwezempi oluvela kulezi zifundazwe lwagelezela eIraq, okwenza ukuba uSaddam Hussein akwazi ukuqhubeka nempi. Ohulumeni bamaArab, abaningi babo beholwa yizikhulu zamaSunni, bahlela impi ngokwezigaba, beveza iIraq njengesivikelo ekusakazekeni kwethonya lamaShia. Lokhu kwajulisa ukuhlukana kwamaSunni namaShia esifundeni sonke, uqhekeko olusaqhubeka nokubumba ipolitiki yezwe laseMpumalanga Ephakathi namuhla.

EIran, lesi sikhathi siphawule ushintsho ebudlelwaneni bayo bangaphandle, njengoba yaba yodwa kakhulu emazweni amaArab. Kodwake, ithole ukwesekwa okuthile okuvela eSyria, izwe lamaBaathist eliholwa nguHafez alAssad, owayenezingxabano isikhathi eside nombuso waseBaath waseIraq. Lokhu kuqondana kweIran neSyria kwaba isisekelo sepolitiki yesifunda, ikakhulukazi kumongo wezingxabano zakamuva ezifana neMpi Yombango yaseSyria.

Enye yentuthuko ebalulekile yezwe eyavela phakathi neMpi yaseIranIraq kwakuwukusungulwa kweGulf Cooperation Council (GCC) ngo1981. IGCC, eyakhiwe yiSaudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, kanye neOman, yasungulwa ngokuphendula kokubili iIranian Revolution kanye neMpi yaseIranIraq. Inhloso yayo eyinhloko kwakuwukugqugquzela ukubambisana okukhulu kwesifunda kanye nokuphepha okuhlangene phakathi kwamakhosi aqinile aseGulf, ayexwayile kokubili imibono yenguquko yaseIranian kanye nobudlova baseIraqi.

Ukwakhiwa kweGCC kusayine isigaba esisha kusakhiwo sezokuvikela esihlangene saseMpumalanga Ephakathi, nakuba le nhlangano ihlaselwe ukuhlukana kwangaphakathi, ikakhulukazi eminyakeni eyalandela impi. Noma kunjalo, iGCC ibe ngumdlali obalulekile ezindabeni zokuphepha zesifunda, ikakhulukazi kumongo wethonya elikhulayo laseIran.

Impi iphinde yaqinisa izingxabano zababambeli kulo lonke elaseMpumalanga Ephakathi. Ukwesekwa kweIran kwamasosha angamaShiite eLebanon, ikakhulukazi iHezbollah, kwavela ngalesi sikhathi. IHezbollah, iqembu elakhiwe lisekelwa yiIran ekuphenduleni ukuhlasela kukaIsrayeli iLebanon ngo1982, ngokushesha yaba elinye lamasosha abalulekile eTehran esifundeni. Ukukhula kweHezbollah kuguqule indlela yokubala eLevant, okuholele ebudlelwaneni besifunda obuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kwabhebhethekisa izingxabano zaseIsraelLebanesePalestine esezivele zishubile.

Ngokukhuthaza amaqembu anjengalawa, iIran yanweba amandla ayo nangaphezu kwemingcele yayo, okwadala izinselelo zesikhathi eside kubo bobabili.Izifunda zamaArab kanye namandla aseNtshonalanga, ikakhulukazi iUnited States. Lawa manethiwekhi okuthonya, azalwa ngesikhathi seMpi yaseIranIraq, ayaqhubeka nokubumba inqubomgomo yezangaphandle yeIran eMpumalanga Ephakathi yangaleso sikhathi, ukusuka eSyria kuya eYemen.

Imithelela Yomhlaba Wonke: Impi Yomshoshaphansi Nangaphezulu

Impi yaseIranIraq yenzeka ezigabeni zokugcina zeMpi Yomshoshaphansi, futhi kokubili iUnited States neSoviet Union babandakanyeka, nakuba kwakungezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ekuqaleni, abekho amandla amakhulu ayefuna ukungena ngokujulile kule ngxabano, ikakhulukazi ngemuva kwesipiliyoni samaSoviet eAfghanistan kanye nengxabano yaseUS nenkinga yokuthunjwa kweIran. Nokho, njengoba impi iqhubeka, kokubili iU.S. kanye neUSSR bazithola bedonseleka ekusekeleni iIraq ngamazinga ahlukahlukene.

IU.S., nakuba ingathathi hlangothi ngokusemthethweni, yaqala ukutshekela ngaseIraq njengoba kwaba sobala ukuthi ukunqoba okuwujuqu kweIranian kungase kuthuntubeze isifunda futhi kusongela izithakazelo zaseMelika, ikakhulukazi ukufinyelela kumafutha. Lokhu kuqondana kwaholela “empini yeTanker” edume kabi, lapho amasosha asolwandle aseUS aqala ukuphelezela amathangi kawoyela eKuwait ePersian Gulf, ewavikela ekuhlaselweni kweIran. IUS iphinde yahlinzeka iIraq ngezobunhloli nemishini yezempi, iqhubekisela phambili ibhalansi yempi evuna uSaddam Hussein. Lokhu kubandakanyeka bekuyingxenye yesu elibanzi laseU.S. lokuqukatha iIran eguquguqukayo futhi ivinjwe ekubekeni engcupheni uzinzo lwesifunda.

ISoviet Union, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iphinde yanikeza ukwesekwa okubonakalayo eIraq, nakuba ubudlelwano bayo neBaghdad babunzima ngenxa yokushintshashintsha kwesimo seIraq ngeMpi Yomshoshaphansi kanye nobumbano bayo nezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene zamaArab nationalist iMoscow eyayiqaphe ngazo. Noma kunjalo, iIranIraq War ibe negalelo emqhudelwaneni wamandla amakhulu oqhubekayo eMpumalanga Ephakathi, nakuba ngendlela ephansi kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amathiyetha eMpi Yomshoshaphansi njengeSoutheast Asia noma iCentral America.

Omunye wemiphumela esheshayo yomhlaba wonke yeMpi yaseIranIraq kwaba umthelela wayo ezimakethe zikawoyela. Kokubili iIran neIraq zingabakhiqizi abakhulu bakawoyela, futhi impi yaholela ekuphazamisekeni okukhulu kokuhlinzekwa kukawoyela emhlabeni wonke. Isifunda saseGulf, esibhekene nengxenye enkulu kawoyela emhlabeni, sabona ukuhamba kwamathangi kusongelwa ukuhlasela kweIranian kanye neIraqi, okuholele kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi Impi Yamathangi. Womabili la mazwe aqondise izikhungo zikawoyela kanye nezindlela zokuhamba ngemikhumbi, ngethemba lokuthi uzokhubaza isisekelo somnotho sesitha sazo.

Lokhu kuphazamiseka kube nomthelela ekushintshashintsheni kwentengo kawoyela emhlabeni wonke, okubangele ukuntengantenga komnotho emazweni amaningi ancike kuwoyela waseMpumalanga Ephakathi, okuhlanganisa iJapan, iEurope, neUnited States. Impi yagcizelela ubungozi bomnotho womhlaba ezingxabanweni zasePersian Gulf, okuholela emizamweni eyengeziwe yezizwe zaseNtshonalanga yokuthola uwoyela nokuvikela imizila yamandla. Kuphinde kwaba nesandla ekulweni kweGulf, lapho iUnited States kanye namanye amazwe aseNtshonalanga ekhulisa ukuba khona kwawo kwezempi ukuze kuvikelwe imizila yemikhumbi kawoyela—intuthuko engaba nemiphumela yesikhathi eside ezigungwini zokuphepha zesifunda.

Impi yaseIranIraq ibeke ubunzima obukhulu ekukhulumeni kwamazwe ngamazwe, ikakhulukazi kuUnited Nations. Kuyo yonke le ngxabano, iUN yenza imizamo eminingi yokwenza isivumelwano sokuthula, kodwa le mizamo ayiphumelelanga kakhulu ezimpini eziningi. Kwaze kwaze kwaba yilapho izinhlangothi zombili sezikhathele ngokuphelele, futhi ngemva kokuhlasela okuningana okuhlulekile, lapho ukumiswa kokudubula kwagcina kwenziwa ngaphansi kweUN Resolution 598 ngo1988.

Ukwehluleka ukuvimbela noma ukuqeda impi ngokushesha kudalule ukulinganiselwa kwezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe ekulamuleni izingxabano zesifunda eziyinkimbinkimbi, ikakhulukazi lapho imibuso emikhulu yayihileleke ngokungaqondile. Ukuthatha isikhathi eside kwempi kuphinde kwaqokomisa ukungabaza kwemibuso emikhulu ukungenela ngokuqondile ezingxabanweni zesifunda lapho izithakazelo zabo zingasongelwa ngokushesha.

Ifa Langemva Kwempi kanye Nemiphumela Eqhubekayo

Imiphumela yempi yeIranIraq yaqhubeka nokubuyela emuva emuva kwesikhathi eside kumenyezelwe ukumiswa kokudubula ngo1988. EIraq, impi yashiya izwe lisezikweletini futhi lintekenteke ngokomnotho, okwaba nesandla esinqumweni sikaSaddam Hussein sokuhlasela iKuwait ngo1990 zama ukubamba imithombo emisha kawoyela futhi uxazulule izingxabano ezindala. Lokhu kuhlasela kwaholela ngqo eMpini YokuQala YaseGulf futhi kwaqala uchungechunge lwezenzakalo ezazizofinyelela umvuthwandaba ekuhlaselweni kweIraq okuholwa yiU.S. ngo2003. Ngakho, imbewu yezingxabano zakamuva zaseIraq yahlwanyelwa phakathi nokuzabalaza kwayo neIran.

EIran, impi yasiza ekuqiniseni ubunikazi beIslamic Republic njengezwe eliguquguqukayo elizimisele ukubhekana kokubili izitha zesifunda namandla omhlaba. Ukugxila kobuholi baseIran ekuzethembeni, ekuthuthukisweni kwezempi, nasekutshalweni kwamasosha abamba iqhaza emazweni angomakhelwane konke kwathonywa ulwazi lwabo ngesikhathi sempi. Ingxabano iphinde yaqinisa ubutha beIran notheUnited States, ikakhulukazi ngemva kwezigameko ezifana nokuwisa koMbutho Wamasosha Wasesosha waseIranian indiza yaseIran ngo1988.

Impi yaseIran neIraq iphinde yabumba kabusha ukuguquguquka kwenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yaseU.S. eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Ukubaluleka kwamasu kwePersian Gulf kwabonakala nakakhulu phakathi nengxabano, okwaholela ekwandeni kokubandakanyeka kwezempi yaseMelika esifundeni. IU.S. iphinde yathatha indlela eguquguqukayo yokubhekana neIraq neIran, ishintshana phakathi kokuphatha, ukusebenzelana, kanye nokungqubuzana eminyakeni eyalandela impi.

Eminye Imithelela Yempi YaseIranIraq Kubudlelwano Bamazwe Ngamazwe

Impi yaseIranIraq, nakuba iningi layo bekuyingxabano yesifunda, yabuyela emuva kuwo wonke umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe ngezindlela ezijulile. Impi ayizange imise kabusha isimo sezwe laseMpumalanga Ephakathi kuphela kodwa futhi yaba nomthelela namasu omhlaba, ikakhulukazi mayelana nokuphepha kwamandla, ukwanda kwezikhali, kanye nendlela yokusebenzelana nembulunga yonke mayelana nezingxabano zesifunda. Ukungqubuzana kuphinde kwabangela ukuguquguquka kwamandla okuguquguqukayo okusabonakala nanamuhla, okugcizelela izinga lempi eshiye uphawu olungenakucimeka ebudlelwaneni bamazwe ngamazwe. Kulokhu kuhlola okwandisiwe, sizophinde siphenye ukuthi impi ibe nomthelela kanjani ezinguqukweni zesikhathi eside kwezokusebenzelana kwamazwe ngamazwe, ezomnotho, amasu ezempi, kanye nezakhiwo zezokuphepha ezikhulayo zesifunda nangale kwayo.

U.S. Ukubandakanywa: IComplex Diplomatic Dance

Njengoba ukungqubuzana kuguquka, iUnited States yazithola ibandakanyeka kakhulu naphezu kokungabaza kwayo kwasekuqaleni. Ngenkathi iIran ibikade ingumfelandawonye obalulekile waseUS ngaphansi kweShah, iIslamic Revolution yango1979 yashintsha kakhulu ubudlelwano. Ukuketulwa kweShah kanye nokuthathwa kwenxusa laseMelika eTehran ngabavukeli baseIranian kwadala ukuqhekeka okujulile ebudlelwaneni beUSIran. Ngenxa yalokho, iUnited States yayingenabo ubudlelwano obuqondile bezokuxhumana neIran phakathi nempi futhi yabuka uhulumeni waseIranian ngobutha obandayo. Inkulumo eqinile yaseIran emelene naseNtshonalanga, kuhlanganiswe nezingcingo zayo zokuketulwa kwamakhosi ahlangene neUS eGulf, ikwenze kwaba umgomo wamasu okuphatha aseMelika.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iUnited States yabona iIraq, naphezu kombuso wayo wobushiqela, njengento engaba khona ukumelana neIran yoguquko. Lokhu kwaholela ekujikeni kancane kancane kodwa okungenakuphikwa eIraq. Isinqumo sabaphathi bakwaReagan sokuvuselela ubudlelwano bezokuxhumana neIraq ngo1984ngemuva kwekhefu leminyaka eyi17siphawule umzuzu obalulekile ekuzibandakanyeni kweUS nempi. Emzamweni wokunciphisa ithonya leIran, iUS inikeze iIraq ngobuhlakani, ukwesekwa kwezinto, kanye nosizo lwezempi olucashile, okuhlanganisa nesithombe sesathelayithi esisize iIraq ukuthi iqonde amabutho aseIranian. Le nqubomgomo yayingenayo impikiswano, ikakhulukazi uma kubhekwa ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zamakhemikhali okwandile kweIraq, okwanganakwa yiU.S. ngaleso sikhathi.

IUnited States iphinde yabandakanyeka Empini Yamathangi, ingxabano encane phakathi kweIranIraq War egxile ekuhlaselweni kwemikhumbi ethwala uwoyela ePersian Gulf. Ngo1987, ngemva kokuba imikhumbi yamathangi eminingana yaseKuwait ihlaselwe iIran, iKuwait yacela ukuvikelwa kweU.S mayelana nokuthunyelwa kwayo kukawoyela. IUS iphendule ngokuhlaba umkhosi kabusha amathangi eKuwait ngefulegi laseMelika futhi ithumele amabutho asolwandle esifundeni ukuze avikele le mikhumbi. Umbutho Wezempi Wasesosha waseUS wabambana ngezihluthu eziningana namabutho aseIranian, kwaze kwafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngoOperation Praying Mantis ngoApril 1988, lapho iUS yacekela phansi amandla amaningi ezempi yaseIran. Lokhu kuzibandakanya kwezempi okuqondile kwagqamisa ukubaluleka kwamasu iU.S. eyakubeka ekuqinisekiseni ukugeleza okukhululekile kukawoyela ovela ePersian Gulf, inqubomgomo ezoba nomthelela ohlala isikhathi eside.

Iqhaza LeSoviet Union: Ukulinganisa Izintshisekelo Zengqondo Nezamasu

Ukuzibandakanya kweSoviet Union eMpini yeIranIraq yakheke kukho kokubili ukucatshangelwa kwemibono namasu. Naphezu kokuthi iUSSR yayinezintshisekelo zesikhathi eside eMpumalanga Ephakathi, ikakhulukazi ekugcineni ithonya eIraq, eyayikade ingomunye wabangane bayo abaseduze kakhulu emazweni aseArab.

Ekuqaleni, iSoviet Union yamukela indlela yokuqapha yempi, ixwaya ukuhlukanisa iIraq, umlingani wayo wendabuko, noma iIran, umakhelwane eyabelane naye umngcele omude. Nokho, ubuholi baseSoviet kancane kancane batshekela ngaseIraq njengoba impi iqhubeka. IMoscow yahlinzeka iBaghdad ngenani elikhulu lemishini yezempi, okuhlanganisa amathangi, izindiza, nezikhali, ukusiza ukuxhasa impi yaseIraq. Noma kunjalo, iUSSR yaqaphela ukugwema ukuwohloka okuphelele kobudlelwano neIran, igcine isenzo sokulinganisa phakathi kwalawa mazwe womabili.

AmaSoviet abuke Impi yaseIranIraq njengethuba lokukhawulela ukwanda kweNtshonalanga—ikakhulukazi iMelika—isifunda. Kodwake, babekhathazeke kakhulu ngokukhuphuka kwezinhlangano zamaIslamist kumaRiphabhulikhi amaningi amaSulumane aseCent.ral Asia, eyayisemngceleni weIran. INguquko YamaSulumane eIran yayinamandla okukhuthaza ukunyakaza okufanayo ngaphakathi kweSoviet Union, okwenza iUSSR yaxwaya intshiseko yenguquko yaseIran.

Inhlangano Engachemi kanye Nobuxhakaxhaka Bomhlaba Wesithathu

Ngenkathi imibuso emikhulu imatasatasa ngezintshisakalo zayo zamasu, umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe, ikakhulukazi iNonAligned Movement (NAM), yazama ukulamula ukungqubuzana. INAM, inhlangano yezifundazwe ezingahambelani ngokusemthethweni nanoma iyiphi inhlangano yamandla amakhulu, okuhlanganisa namazwe amaningi asathuthuka, yayikhathazekile ngomthelela ophazamisayo wempi kubudlelwano bamazwe aseNingizimu neNingizimu. Amazwe amaningana angamalungu eNAM, ikakhulukazi avela eAfrika naseLatin America, acele ukuba kuxazululwe ngokuthula futhi asekela izingxoxo zokulamula zeUN.

Ukuzibandakanya kweNAM kugqamise izwi elikhulayo leGlobal South kuinternational diplomacy, nakuba imizamo yokulamula yaleli qembu yasibekela kakhulu ukucatshangelwa kwamasu kwemibuso emikhulu. Noma kunjalo, impi ibe nomthelela ekuqwashiseni okukhulayo phakathi kwamazwe asathuthuka mayelana nokuhlangana kwezingxabano zesifunda kanye nepolitiki yomhlaba wonke, iqinisa nakakhulu ukubaluleka kokuxoxisana kwezizwe ngezizwe.

Uwoyela Njengensiza Yamasu

Impi yaseIranIraq ibe nomthelela omkhulu ezimakethe zomhlaba wonke zamandla, igcizelela ukubaluleka okubalulekile kukawoyela njengesisetshenziswa esinamasu kubudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe. Kokubili iIran neIraq babengabathumeli bakawoyela abakhulu, futhi impi yabo yaphazamisa ukuhanjiswa kukawoyela emhlabeni wonke, okwaholela ekuguquguqukeni kwentengo nokungaqiniseki kwezomnotho, ikakhulukazi kwezomnotho ezithembele kuwoyela. Ukuhlaselwa kwengqalasizinda kawoyela, okuhlanganisa izindawo zokuhluzwa, amapayipi, nemikhumbi yamathangi, kwakuvamile, okuholele ekwehleni okukhulu kokukhiqizwa kukawoyela kuwo womabili la mazwe.

IIraq, ikakhulukazi, ibithembele kakhulu ekuthunyelweni kukawoyela ukuze ixhase umzamo wayo wempi. Ukungakwazi kwayo ukuvikela ukuthunyelwa kwayo ngaphandle kukawoyela, ikakhulukazi ngomzila wamanzi waseShatt alArab, kwaphoqa iIraq ukuthi ifune ezinye izindlela zokuthutha uwoyela, okuhlanganisa nokudlula eTurkey. IIran yona yasebenzisa uwoyela njengethuluzi lezezimali kanye nesikhali sempi, yaphazamisa ukuhamba kwemikhumbi ePersian Gulf emzamweni wokudicilela phansi umnotho waseIraq.

Impendulo Yomhlaba Wonke Ekuphazamisekeni Kwamafutha

Ukusabela komhlaba wonke kulokhu kuphazamiseka kukawoyela bekwahluka. Amazwe aseNtshonalanga, ikakhulukazi iUnited States namadlelandawonye ayo aseYurophu, athatha izinyathelo zokuvikela amandla awo. IU.S., njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, yathumela amasosha asolwandle eGulf ukuze avikele imikhumbi ethwala uwoyela, isenzo esabonisa izinga ukuphepha kwamandla okube yisisekelo senqubomgomo yezangaphandle yaseU.S. esifundeni.

Amazwe aseEurope, athembele kakhulu kuwoyela weGulf, nawo azibandakanye kwezokusebenzelana nakwezomnotho. IEuropean Community (EC), umanduleli weEuropean Union (EU), yeseke imizamo yokulamula ukungqubuzana ngenkathi futhi isebenza ukuhlukanisa amandla ayo. Impi igcizelele ubungozi bokuthembela endaweni eyodwa ukuthola imithombo yamandla, okuholela ekutshalweni kwezimali kweminye imithombo yamandla nemizamo yokuhlola kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba, njengeNorth Sea.

IOrganisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) nayo yadlala indima ebalulekile phakathi nempi. Ukuphazamiseka kokunikezwa kukawoyela okuvela eIran naseIraq kuholele ekushintsheni kwezilinganiso zokukhiqiza zeOPEC njengoba amanye amazwe angamalungu, njengeSaudi Arabia neKuwait, efuna ukusimamisa izimakethe zikawoyela emhlabeni wonke. Kodwake, impi iphinde yabhebhethekisa ukuhlukana phakathi kweOPEC, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwalawo malungu ayesekela iIraq nalawo ahlala engathathi hlangothi noma ezwela iIran.

Izindleko Zezomnotho Zabalwi

Kuzo zombili iIran neIraq, izindleko zomnotho zempi bezimangaza. IIraq, naphezu kokuthola uxhaso lwezezimali oluvela emazweni amaArab kanye nezimali mboleko zamazwe ngamazwe, yasala nomthwalo omkhulu wezikweletu ekupheleni kwempi. Izindleko zokusimamisa izingxabano ezicishe zibe yiminyaka eyishumi, okuhambisana nokucekelwa phansi kwengqalasizinda kanye nokulahleka kwemali etholwayo kawoyela, kushiye umnotho waseIraq untekenteke. Lesi sikweletu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi sizoba nesandla esinqumweni seIraq sokuhlasela iKuwait ngo1990, njengoba uSaddam Hussein wayefuna ukuxazulula inkinga yezimali yezwe lakhe ngezindlela ezinonya.

IIran, nayo, ihlukumezekile kwezomnotho, nakuba ngezinga elincane. Impi yaqeda izinsiza zezwe, yenza buthakathaka isizinda salo sezimboni, futhi yacekela phansi ingqalasizinda kawoyela eningi. Kodwake, uhulumeni waseIran, ngaphansi kobuholi bukaAyatollah Khomeini, ukwazile ukugcina izinga lokukwazi ukuzimela ngokomnotho ngokusebenzisa inhlanganisela yezindlela zokuqiniswa, izibopho zempi, kanye nokuthunyelwa kukawoyela okulinganiselwe. Impi iphinde yagqugquzela ukuthuthukiswa kwesakhiwo sezempi nezimboni zaseIran, njengoba izwe lalifuna ukwehlisa ukuthembela ekutholakaleni kwezikhali zakwamanye amazwe.

Ukwanda Kwezikhali

Omunye wemiphumela yesikhathi eside ebaluleke kakhulu yeMpi yaseIranIraq kwaba ukubuthwa kwezempi okumangalisayo kweMid.eMpumalanga. Kokubili iIran neIraq bazibandakanya ekwakhekeni kwezikhali okukhulu ngesikhathi sempi, uhlangothi ngalunye luthenga inqwaba yezikhali phesheya. IIraq, ikakhulukazi, yaba ngomunye wabangenisi bezikhali abakhulu kakhulu emhlabeni, yathola izinsiza zezempi ezithuthukile ezivela eSoviet Union, eFrance nakwamanye amazwe amaningana. IIran, nakuba yayizimele kakhulu ngokwezokuxhumana, ikwazile ukuthola izikhali ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa amadili ezikhali neNyakatho Korea, iChina, kanye nokuthengwa okuyimfihlo emazweni aseNtshonalanga njengeUnited States, njengoba kuboniswa yiIranContra Affair.

Impi ibe negalelo emjahweni wezikhali wesifunda, njengoba amanye amazwe aseMpumalanga Ephakathi, ikakhulukazi amamonarchies eGulf, ayefuna ukuthuthukisa amakhono awo ezempi. Amazwe afana neSaudi Arabia, Kuwait, kanye neUnited Arab Emirates atshale imali eningi ekwenzeni amabutho awo ahlomile abesimanje, ngokuvamile athenga izikhali eziyinkimbinkimbi eUnited States naseYurophu. Lokhu kwakhiwa kwezikhali kube nomthelela wesikhathi eside ezigungwini zokuphepha zesifunda, ikakhulukazi njengoba la mazwe ayefuna ukunqanda izinsongo ezingaba khona ezivela eIran naseIraq.

Izikhali Zamakhemikhali kanye Nokuguguleka Kwemikhuba Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Ukusabalala kokusetshenziswa kwezikhali zamakhemikhali phakathi neMpi yaseIranIraq kumele ukuguguleka okukhulu kwezinkambiso zamazwe ngamazwe mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezikhali zokubhujiswa okukhulu (WMD. Ukusetshenziswa okuphindaphindiwe kweIraq yamakhemikhali, njengegesi yesinaphi kanye namanerve agents, ngokumelene nebutho lezempi laseIranian kanye nezakhamuzi kwakungenye yezinto ezimbi kakhulu zempi. Ngaphandle kwalokhu kwephulwa komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, okuhlanganisa ne1925 Geneva Protocol, impendulo yomphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe yathuliswa.

IUnited States kanye namanye amazwe aseNtshonalanga, ematasatasa ngomthelela wempi wezwe, ngokuyinhloko yavala amehlo ukusetshenziswa kweIraq yezikhali zamakhemikhali. Lokhu kwehluleka ukwenza iIraq iziphendulele ngezenzo zayo kwabukela phansi imizamo yomhlaba wonke yokungabhebhetheki futhi kwabeka isibonelo esiyingozi sezingxabano ezizayo. Izifundo zeMpi YaseIranIraq zazizovela kabusha eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, phakathi neMpi YaseGulf kanye nokuhlasela okwalandela ngo2003 kweIraq, lapho ukukhathazeka ngamaWMDs kwaphinde kwabusa enkulumweni yamazwe ngamazwe.

Impi Yommeleli kanye Nabalingisi Abangezona Zombuso

Omunye umphumela obalulekile wempi kwaba ukusabalala kwezimpi zommeleli kanye nokwanda kwabalingisi abangebona bezwe njengabadlali ababalulekile ezingxabanweni zaseMpumalanga Ephakathi. IIran, ikakhulukazi, yaqala ukuhlakulela ubudlelwano nenqwaba yamaqembu ezidlamlilo kuso sonke isifunda, ikakhulukazi iHezbollah eLebanon. Isungulwe ekuqaleni kwawo1980 ngokusekelwa yiIran, iHezbollah yayizoqhubeka nokuba ngomunye wabalingisi abangekho ngaphansi kombuso onamandla kakhulu eMpumalanga Ephakathi, ibe nomthelela ojulile kwezombusazwe waseLebanon futhi ihileleke ezingxabanweni eziphindaphindiwe neIsrael.

Ukutshalwa kwamaqembu ommeleli kube yinsika ebalulekile yesu lesifunda saseIran, njengoba izwe lalifuna ukunweba umthelela walo lidlule imingcele yalo ngaphandle kokungenelela okuqondile kwezempi. Leli su lempi engalingani lizosetshenziswa yiIran ezingxabanweni ezalandela, ezihlanganisa iMpi Yombango yaseSyria kanye neMpi Yombango yaseYemeni, lapho amaqembu asekelwa yiIran adlala indima ebalulekile.

Imiphumela Yediplomatiki kanye Nepolitiki Yangemuva Kwempi

INhlangano Yezizwe yabamba iqhaza elibalulekile ezigabeni zokugcina zeMpi YaseIranIraq, ikakhulukazi ekusunguleni isivumelwano sokuyeka ukulwa okwaqeda ubutha ngo1988. IUN Security Council Resolution 598, eyaphasiswa ngoJulayi 1987, yanxusa ukuba kumiswe ukulwa ngokushesha, ukuhoxiswa kwamandla emingceleni eyaziwa ngamazwe ngamazwe, kanye nokubuyela ezimeni zangaphambi kwempi. Kodwake, kuthathe isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka sokulwa okwengeziwe ngaphambi kokuba izinhlangothi zombili zivumelane nemigomo, okugqamisa izinselelo iUN ebhekane nazo ekulamuleni ingxabano enzima kanjalo negxilile.

Impi yadalula imikhawulo yeinternational diplomacy, ikakhulukazi lapho imibuso emikhulu ihileleke ekusekeleni amabelligerents. Naphezu kwemizamo eminingi yeUN yokuletha ukuthula, iIran neIraq yahlala ingashintshile, ngayinye ifuna ukuzuza ukunqoba okubalulekile. Impi yaphela kuphela lapho izinhlangothi zombili sezikhathele kakhulu futhi kungekho muntu owayekwazi ukuthola inzuzo ecacile yezempi.

Ukungakwazi kweUN ukuxazulula ukungqubuzana ngokushesha kuphinde kwagcizelela ubunzima bemultilateral diplomacy kumongo weCold War geopolitics. Impi yaseIranIraq, ngezindlela eziningi, yayiyingxabano yommeleli ngaphakathi kohlaka olubanzi lweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, lapho iUS kanye neSoviet Union behlinzeka ngokusekela iIraq, noma ngezizathu ezahlukene. Le mizamo yobunxusa eyinkimbinkimbi, njengoba kungekho mbuso omkhulu owawuzimisele ukuzinikela ngokugcwele enqubweni yokuthula eyayingase ibeke engozini ozakwabo besifunda.

Ukuphela kweMpi yaseIran neIraq kuphawule ukuqala kwesigaba esisha kupolitiki yaseMpumalanga Ephakathi, esibonakala ngokushintshashintsha kwemifelandawonye, ​​imizamo yokuvuselela umnotho, kanye nezingxoxo ezivuselelwe.amalicts. IIraq, ebuthaka ngenxa yempi yeminyaka futhi isindwa yizikweletu ezinkulu, yavela njengomlingisi wesifunda onolaka. Umbuso kaSaddam Hussein, ubhekene nezingcindezi ezikhulayo zezomnotho, waqala ukuziqinisa, okwaphumela ekuhlaselweni kweKuwait ngo1990.

Lokhu kuhlasela kuqalise uchungechunge lwezehlakalo ezingaholela eMpini Yokuqala YeGulf kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwesikhathi eside kweIraq ngumphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe. IGulf War yaphinde yaphazamisa isifunda futhi yajulisa ukungezwani phakathi kwamazwe amaArab kanye neIran, njengoba ohulumeni abaningi baseArab besekela umfelandawonye oholwa yiU.S. ngokumelene neIraq.

EIran, inkathi yangemva kwempi imakwe ngemizamo yokwakha kabusha umnotho wayo futhi iphinde iqinisekise umthelela wayo esifundeni. Uhulumeni waseIran, naphezu kokuzihlukanisa nengxenye enkulu yomphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe, waphishekela inqubomgomo yesu lokubekezela, egxile ekuhlanganiseni izinzuzo zawo empini nokwakha ubudlelwano nabalingisi abangewona ohulumeni kanye nemibuso ezwelayo. Leli su kamuva lalizokhokha izinzuzo njengoba iIran yavela njengombambeli ophambili ezingxabanweni zesifunda, ikakhulukazi eLebanon, Syria, naseIraq.

Impi yaseIranIraq ibe nomthelela omkhulu futhi ohlala njalo kunqubomgomo yezangaphandle yaseU.S. eMiddle East. Impi yagcizelela ukubaluleka kwamasu kwePersian Gulf, ikakhulukazi mayelana nokuphepha kwamandla. Ngenxa yalokho, iUnited States yazibophezela kakhulu ekugcineni amasosha esifundeni ukuze avikele izithakazelo zawo. Le nqubomgomo, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi “ICarter Doctrine,” izoqondisa izenzo zaseU.S. eGulf amashumi eminyaka ezayo.

IU.S. iphinde yafunda izifundo ezibalulekile mayelana nezingozi zokuzibandakanya ezingxabanweni ngokungaqondile. Ukusekela kweIraq ngesikhathi sempi, ngenkathi kuhloswe ngayo ukuqukatha iIran, kwagcina kube nesandla ekwandeni kukaSaddam Hussein njengosongo lwesifunda, okwaholela eMpini YaseGulf kanye nokuhlasela kweUS eIraq ngo2003. Lezi zenzakalo zagqamisa imiphumela ebingahlosiwe ye Ukungenelela kweU.S. ezingxabanweni zesifunda kanye nobunzima bokulinganisa izintshisekelo zesu lesikhathi esifushane nokuzinza kwesikhathi eside.

Isu Langemva Kwempi LaseIran: Impi YeAsymmetric kanye Nethonya Lesifunda

Omunye wemiphumela ebaluleke kakhulu yempi kwaba yisinqumo seIran sokuthuthukisa inethiwekhi yamandla ommeleli esifundeni sonke. Okugqame kakhulu kulokhu kwakuyiHezbollah yaseLebanon, iIran eyasiza ukusungula ekuqaleni kwawo1980 ukuphendula ukuhlasela kukaIsrael eLebanon. IHezbollah yakhula ngokushesha yaba ngomunye wabalingisi abangewona abombuso abanamandla kakhulu eMpumalanga Ephakathi, sibonga kakhulu ngokwesekwa kwezezimali nezempi zaseIran.

Eminyakeni eyalandela impi, iIran yanweba leli su lommeleli kwezinye izingxenye zesifunda, okuhlanganisa iIraq, iSyria, neYemen. Ngokuhlakulela ubudlelwano namasosha angamaShia namanye amaqembu anozwela, iIran yakwazi ukunweba ithonya layo ngaphandle kokungenelela okuqondile kwezempi. Leli su lempi yeasymmetric livumele iIran ukuthi ihlasele ngaphezu kwesisindo sayo ezingxabanweni zesifunda, ikakhulukazi eIraq ngemva kokuhlasela kweU.S. ngo2003 kanye naseSyria phakathi nempi yombango eyaqala ngo2011.

Olunye ushintsho olukhulu kakhulu kwezepolitiki yesifunda kulandela iMpi yaseIranIraq kwaba ukuguqulwa kobudlelwano beIran neIraq ngemuva kokuwa kukaSaddam Hussein ngo2003. Phakathi nempi, iIraq yayikade iyizitha ezibuhlungu zeIran, futhi la mazwe womabili. yayilwe impi enonya futhi ebhubhisayo. Kodwake, ukususwa kukaSaddam ngamasosha aholwa yiU.S. kwadala ivacuum yamandla eIraq iIran eyashesha ukuwasebenzisa.

Ithonya leIran kuIraq yangemva kweSaddam libe likhulu. Iningi labantu abangamaShia eIraq, ababekade bebandlululwa ngaphansi kombuso kaSaddam owawubuswa amaSunni, bathola amandla ezombusazwe ngemuva kwempi. IIran, njengamandla eShia abusa kulesi sifunda, yahlakulela ubudlelwano obuseduze neqembu elisha lezepolitiki lamaShia eIraq, okuhlanganisa namaqembu afana neIslamic Dawa Party kanye noMkhandlu Ophakeme Wenguquko YamaSulumane eIraq (SCIRI. IIran iphinde yeseka amasosha ahlukene eShia abambe iqhaza elikhulu ekuvukeleni amasosha aseUS futhi kamuva ekulweni neIslamic State (ISIS.

Namuhla, iIraq iyinsika emaphakathi yecebo lesifunda saseIran. Ngenkathi iIraq igcina ubudlelwano obusemthethweni bezokuxhumana neUS kanye namanye amandla aseNtshonalanga, ithonya leIran ezweni ligcwele, ikakhulukazi ngobudlelwano bayo namaqembu ezepolitiki aseShia kanye nezempi. Lokhu kuguquguquka kwenze iIraq yaba inkundla yempi ebalulekile emzabalazweni obanzi wezwe phakathi kweIran nezimbangi zayo, ikakhulukazi iUnited States neSaudi Arabia.

Ifa Lempi Lemfundiso Necebo Lezempi

Enye yezinto eziphazamisa kakhulu ngeMpi yaseIranIraq kwakuwukusetshenziswa okusabalele kweIraq kwezikhali zamakhemikhali ngokumelene namabutho aseIranian kanye nezakhamuzi. Ukusetshenziswa kwegesi yesinaphi, isarin, nezinye iejenti yamakhemikhaliIIraq yephule umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa impendulo yomhlaba wonke yathuliswa kakhulu, njengoba amazwe amaningi engazinaki izenzo zeIraq kumongo wezwe leCold War.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zamakhemikhali empini kube nemiphumela efinyelela kude kuhulumeni womhlaba wokungabhebhetheki. Ukuphumelela kweIraq ekusebenziseni lezi zikhali ngaphandle kwemiphumela ephawulekayo yamazwe ngamazwe kwafaka isibindi eminye imibuso ukuba iphishekele izikhali zokubhujiswa okukhulu (WMD), ikakhulukazi eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Impi iphinde yagqamisa imikhawulo yezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, njengeGeneva Protocol yango1925, ekuvimbeleni ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali ezinjalo ezingqubuzaneni.

Eminyakeni eyalandela impi, umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe wathatha izinyathelo zokuqinisa umbuso wokungabhebhetheki, okuhlanganisa nezingxoxo zeChemical Weapons Convention (CWC) ngeminyaka yawo1990. Kodwake, ifa lokusetshenziswa kwezikhali zamakhemikhali zempi liye laqhubeka nokubumba izingxabano zomhlaba wonke mayelana namaWMD, ikakhulukazi kumongo wezinhlelo zeWMD ezisolwayo zaseIraq ngaphambi kokuhlasela kweUS ngo2003 kanye nokusebenzisa kweSiriya izikhali zamakhemikhali phakathi nempi yombango.

Impi yaseIranIraq imakwe ngochungechunge lwezimpi phakathi kwempi, okuhlanganisa nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi Impi Yamadolobha, lapho izinhlangothi zombili zaqala ukuhlasela ngemicibisholo ezindaweni zasemadolobheni zomunye nomunye. Lesi sigaba sokungqubuzana, esibandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwemicibisholo yebanga elide namabhomu asemoyeni, sibe nomthelela omkhulu kubantu abavamile bawo womabili la mazwe futhi safanekisela ukusetshenziswa kwamaqhinga afanayo ezingxabanweni zakamuva esifundeni.

IWar of the Cities iphinde yabonisa ukubaluleka kwamasu kobuchwepheshe bemicibisholo namandla ezimpi ezingalingani. Kokubili iIran neIraq basebenzise imicibisholo ecitshwayo ukuze baqondise amadolobha omunye komunye, beqa izivikelo ezivamile zamasosha futhi kwabangela ukulimala okukhulu kwezakhamuzi. Leli qhinga ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lalizosetshenziswa amaqembu afana neHezbollah, eyasebenzisa amarokhethi ukukhomba amadolobha akwaIsrael ngesikhathi seMpi yaseLebanon yango2006, kanye namaHouthi eYemen, aqale ukuhlasela ngemicibisholo eSaudi Arabia.

Impi yaseIranIraq ngaleyo ndlela ibe negalelo ekwandeni kobuchwepheshe bemicibisholo eMpumalanga Ephakathi futhi yagcizelela ukubaluleka kokuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokuvikela ezicitshwayo. Eminyakeni yangemva kwempi, amazwe afana noIsrael, iSaudi Arabia, kanye neUnited States atshale imali eningi ezinhlelweni zokuvikela ezicitshwayo, njengeIron Dome kanye nesistimu yokuvikela imicibisholo yePatriot, ukuvikela ekusongelweni kokuhlaselwa kwemicibisholo.

Isiphetho: Umthelela Ongapheli Wempi Ebudlelwaneni Bamazwe Ngamazwe

Impi yaseIran neIraq ibiwumcimbi obalulekile emlandweni weMiddle East kanye nobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe, nemiphumela eqhubeka nokulolonga isifunda kanye nomhlaba namuhla. Le mpi ayigcinanga ngokucekela phansi la mazwe amabili ayehileleke ngokuqondile kodwa yaba nemiphumela efinyelela kude kwezombangazwe zomhlaba, ezomnotho, amasu ezempi, kanye nezokuxhumana.

Ezingeni lesifunda, impi yabhebhethekisa ukuhlukana kwamahlelo, yaba nesandla ekwandeni kwempi yamaproxy, futhi yabumba kabusha imifelandawonye namandla eMiddle East. Isu leIran langemva kwempi lokuhlakulela amandla ommeleli nokusebenzisa impi yeasymmetric libe nomthelela ohlala njalo ezingxabanweni zesifunda, kuyilapho ukuhlasela kweIraq eKuwait ngemva kwempi kwasusa uchungechunge lwezenzakalo ezingaholela eMpini YaseGulf kanye neU.S ekugcineni. ukuhlasela kweIraq.

Emhlabeni wonke, impi yadalula ubungozi bezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe zamandla, ukulinganiselwa kwemizamo yezikhulu zokuxazulula izingxabano ezidonsa isikhathi eside, kanye nezingozi zokwanda kweWMD. Ukuzibandakanya kwamandla angaphandle, ikakhulukazi iUnited States kanye neSoviet Union, kuphinde kwagqamisa ubunkimbinkimbi bepolitiki yeCold War kanye nezinselelo zokulinganisa izintshisekelo zamasu zesikhathi esifushane nokuzinza kwesikhathi eside.

Njengoba iMiddle East iqhubeka nokubhekana nezingxabano nezinselelo namuhla, ifa leIranIraq War lihlala liyisici esibalulekile ekuqondeni isimo sezombusazwe nezempi sesifunda. Izifundo zempi—mayelana nezingozi zamahlelo, ukubaluleka kwemifelandawonye yamasu, kanye nemiphumela yokwanda kwezempi—zisabalulekile namuhla njengoba zazinjalo eminyakeni engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu edlule.