Ingabe IBig Bang Theory Isekelwa Ucwaningo Lwesayensi noma Umcabango Womuntu Nje?

Ithiyori yeBig Bang mhlawumbe ingenye yezincazelo zesayensi ezaziwa kakhulu nezixoxwa kabanzi ngemvelaphi yendawo yonke. Iphakamisa ukuthi indawo yonke yaqala njengephuzu elilodwa, eliminyene ngokungenamkhawulo eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi13.8 edlule futhi belilokhu likhula kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Kodwa ingabe lenkolelombono isekelwa ubufakazi obuqand’ ikhanda besayensi, noma ingabe iwumphumela wokucabanga komuntu, umzamo wokwenza umqondo walokho okungaziwa? Lesi sihloko sidingida ingcebo yocwaningo lwesayensi olusekela ithiyori yeBig Bang, ihlola izinsika eziyinhloko zokuqaphela kanye nethiyori, kuyilapho ikhuluma nezici ezicatshangelwayo zehypothesis eziqhubeka nokubaxaka bobabili ososayensi kanye nomphakathi jikelele.

Umsuka Wethiyori Yokuqhuma Okukhulu

Enhliziyweni yecosmology yesimanje kukhona inkolelombono kaEinstein yegeneral relativity, eyakhiwa ngo1915. Lo mbono wachaza kabusha ngokuyisisekelo ukuqonda kwethu amandla adonsela phansi. Esikhundleni sokubuka amandla adonsela phansi njengamandla asebenza ebangeni eliphakathi kwezixuku ezimbili, ukuhlobana okuvamile kukuchaze njengokuguquguquka kwesikhala nesikhathi (isikhathi sasemkhathini) ngezinto ezinkulu. Le ndlela entsha yokucabanga ngendawo yonke yavula umnyango wemibono engachaza ukwakheka kwendawo yonke kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo okukhulu.

Nakuba uEinstein ngokwakhe ekuqaleni wayekholelwa ukuthi indawo yonke imile futhi ayiguquki, wethula icosmological constant (uhlobo lwamandla atholakala emkhathini) ukulandisa ngalokhu. Nokho, eminyakeni eyalandela, ubufakazi baqala ukusikisela ukuthi indawo yonke ayishintshile.

Ushintsho lwenzeka ngo1929 lapho uEdwin Hubble, isazi sezinkanyezi saseMelika, enza into edabukisayo. Ngokutadisha ukukhanya okuvela emithaleni ekude, uHubble wathola ukuthi cishe yonke imithala yayisuka kude nathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho umthala wawuqhela ukude, wawuhlehla ngokushesha. Lesi senzakalo, manje esaziwa ngokuthi uMthetho kaHubble, sanikeza ubufakazi obunamandla bokuthi indawo yonke iyakhula.

Uma umkhathi wawukhula, wawusho ukuthi esikhathini esithile esidlule, kumelwe ukuba wawumncane kakhulu, uminyene, futhi ushisa kakhulu. Lokhu kwaholela ososayensi ukuba baphakamise ukuthi indawo yonke yavela ebunyeni—iphuzu lokuminyana okungapheli—eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu13.8 edlule, umzuzwana manje osekubizwa ngokuthi iBig Bang.

Ubufakazi Besayensi obusekela iBig Bang Theory

Okunye okubaluleke kakhulu okutholakele okusekela ithiyori yeBig Bang kwafika ngo1965 lapho uArno Penzias kanye noRobert Wilson bethola imisebe yemicrowave engabonakali igcwele indawo yonke. Le radiation, manje eyaziwa ngokuthi icosmic microwave background (CMB), kukholakala ukuthi iwumphumela wokuqhuma okukhulu.

ICMB empeleni iyimisebe esalayo kusukela esikhathini lapho indawo yonke yayineminyaka engaba ngu380,000 kuphela ubudala, isikhathi lapho indawo yonke yayipholile ngokwanele ukuze amaathomu akheke futhi ukukhanya kuhambe ngokukhululeka emkhathini. Ukufana nokuguquguquka okuncane kuCMB kunikeza isithombe esifinyeziwe somkhathi wokuqala, okunikeza imininingwane ebalulekile ezimweni zayo zokuqala.

Izilinganiso ezinemininingwane zeCMB ngamathuluzi afana namasathelayithi eCOBE, iWMAP, nePlanck ziveze ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa kuCMB ngesilinganiso esincane kakhulu. Lokhu kuguquguquka kuhambisana nembewu yesakhiwo endaweni yonke, njengemithala namaqoqo emithala. Amaphethini aphawuliwe kuCMB ahambisana nezibikezelo ezenziwe ithiyori yeBig Bang, enikeza ukusekela okuqinile kwemodeli.

Obunye ubufakazi obuqand’ ikhanda beBig Bang buvela ebuningini bezinto ezikhanyayo ezifana nehydrogen, ihelium, nelithium endaweni yonke. IBig Bang ithiyori ibikezela ukuthi emizuzwini embalwa yokuqala ngemva kweBig Bang, indawo yonke yayisishisa ngokwanele ukuze kwenzeke izinguquko zenuzi. Le nqubo, eyaziwa ngokuthi iBig Bang nucleosynthesis, ikhiqize izakhi ezilula kakhulu endaweni yonke.

Ubuningi obuhlobene balezi zakhi, ikakhulukazi isilinganiso sehydrogen nehelium, sifana nokuqagela kwethiyori yeBig Bang ngokunemba okumangalisayo. Ukubhekwa kwezinkanyezi zasendulo kanye nemithala ekude kubonisa ukuthi indawo yonke yakhiwe cishe ngo75% wehydrogen no25% wehelium ngobuningi, kanye nenani elincane lezinye izakhi zokukhanya. Lezi zilinganiso ziyilokho kanye ebesingakulindela ezinqubweni zokuqala zenucleosynthesis ezenzeka endaweni yonke yokuqala.

Isakhiwo esikhulu somkhathi, okuhlanganisa imithala, amaqoqo omthala, nemicu yecosmic, inikeza ukwesekwa okwengeziwe kwethiyori yeBig Bang. Ukusatshalaliswa kwemithala kanye nokwakheka kwezakhiwo ezinkulu kungalandelelwa emuva kufluctu encane yokuminyana.izindawo endaweni yonke yakuqala, ezibonwe kuCMB.

Lokhu kuguquguquka okuncane, okukhuliswe amandla adonsela phansi ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka, kuholele ekwakhekeni kwewebhu yecosmic esiyibona namuhla. Amaphethini okwakheka kwesakhiwo aqashelwa ngohlolo olukhulu lwemithala, njengeSloan Digital Sky Survey, aqondaniswe nokuqagela kwethiyori yeBig Bang kanye nezandiso zayo, njengeinflationary cosmology.

Iqhaza Lomcabango Womuntu Kuthiyori Yokuqhuma Okukhulu

Enye yezinselele ezibalulekile kucosmology ukuthi singabona kuphela ingxenye encane yendawo yonke. Nakuba indawo yonke ebonakalayo inweba cishe iminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu93 yokukhanya, lena ingxenye encane nje yendawo yonke. Izifunda ezingaphezu kwalokho esingazibona zingaqukatha izimo zomzimba ezihlukene, izakhiwo, noma imithetho ehluke ngokuphelele yephysics.

Ngakho, ekwakheni amamodeli womkhathi wokuqala, ososayensi kufanele bakhiphe idatha elinganiselwe etholakala kubo. Lokhu kudinga izinga elithile lokucabanga, kanye nokuqonda okujulile kwetheoretical physics. Isibonelo, inkolelombono yokwenyuka kwamanani emali, ephakamisa ukuthi indawo yonke ibe nokukhula okusheshayo engxenyeni yokuqala yesekhondi ngemva kweBig Bang, iwumqondo wokuqagela ngokuyinhloko. Nakuba ukwehla kwamandla emali kuxazulula izindida ezimbalwa kucosmology, njengezinkinga zomkhathizwe kanye neflatness, ubufakazi obuqondile bokwehla kwamandla emali buhlala bungaqondakali.

IBig Bang akuyona yodwa ithiyori ehlongozwayo ukuchaza umsuka wendawo yonke. Kuwo wonke umlando, amamodeli ahlukile afana nethiyori yeSteady State, imodeli yendawo yonke ejikelezayo, kanye nehypothesis ehlukahlukene iye yabekwa phambili. Lezi zinhlobo zivame ukuvela emizamweni eqanjiwe yokuxazulula izinkinga ezingakaxazululwa kucosmology.

Isibonelo, ihypothesis ehlukahlukene iphakamisa ukuthi indawo yonke imane nje ingenye kweminingi, ngayinye inemithetho yemvelo ehlukene kanye nokungaguquki. Nakuba lo mbono uqagela kakhulu futhi ungenabo ubufakazi obuqondile, unikeza uhlaka olucatshangelwayo olungase luchaze ezinye zezinkinga zokuhlela kahle ezihlobene neBig Bang.

Imodeli yendawo yonke eyicyclic, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iphakamisa ukuthi indawo yonke ibe nochungechunge olungapheli lokunwetshwa nokufinyela, ngeBig Bang ngayinye elandelwa IBig Crunch. Nakuba ingathandwa kangako idatha yamanje yokuqaphela, lawa mamodeli aqanjiwe agqamisa imvelo yokudala yethiyori yecosmology.

Ukugxeka Nezinselele Zesayensi

Enye yezinselelo ezinkulu ezibhekene necosmology yesimanje ukuba khona kwezinto ezimnyama namandla amnyama. Ngokuhlangene, lezi zingxenye ezimbili zenza cishe u95% wengqikithi yamandla amakhulu endaweni yonke, nokho ahlala engaqondakali futhi engaqondakali kahle.

IDark matter iwuhlobo lwento olungakhiphi, lumunce, noma luveze ukukhanya, luyenze ingabonakali kumatelescope. Ukuba khona kwayo kucatshangelwa emiphumeleni yayo yamandla adonsela phansi ezintweni ezibonakalayo, njengemithala namaqoqo omthala. Nakuba idark matter idlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhekeni kwesakhiwo esikhulu somkhathi, ubunjalo bayo bangempela asaziwa.

Amandla amnyama, ngakolunye uhlangothi, uhlobo lwamandla olushayela ukunwetshwa okusheshisa kwendawo yonke. Ukutholakala kokukhula ngesivinini kwendawo yonke ngasekupheleni kwawo1990 kwabamangaza ososayensi, futhi imbangela yangempela yalokhu kushesha kuseyindaba yempikiswano eshubile. Abanye osolwazi baphakamisa ukuthi amandla amnyama angaba ukubonakaliswa kokungaguquguquki kwendawo yonke, kuyilapho abanye bephakamisa amathuba angavamile.

Ukuba khona kwezinto ezimnyama namandla amnyama kuphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile mayelana nokuphelela kwethiyori yeBig Bang. Nakuba ithiyori ihlinzeka ngohlaka oluqinile lokuqonda ukuvela kwendawo yonke, ayikwazi okwamanje ukuchaza ngokugcwele uhlobo lwalezi zingxenye ezingatholakali kalula.

Enye inselele kuthiyori yeBig Bang inkinga yehorizon. Ngokombono, izifunda ezihlukahlukene zendawo yonke kwakungafanele zikwazi ukuhlangana ngesizathu endaweni yonke yokuqala ngoba ukukhanya (noma yimuphi omunye uphawu) kwakungeke kube nesikhathi esanele sokuhamba phakathi kwazo. Nokho, umkhathi ubonakala ufana ngokuphawulekayo ngezikali ezinkulu, nezifunda ezihlukaniswa amabanga amakhulu zibonisa izici ezicishe zifane.

Ithiyori yokwenyuka kwamanani emali yahlongozwa njengesixazululo senkinga yomkhathizwe, njengoba iphakamisa ukuthi indawo yonke ibe nesikhathi sokukhula okusheshayo, okuvumela izifunda ezikude ukuthi zihlangane ngaphambi kokuthi zihlukaniseke kude. Kodwake, ukwehla kwamandla emali kusewumbono oqagelayo, futhi indlela okuyiyonayona eyabangela akukaziwa.

Ukunwetshwa Kwendawo Yonke kanye Nokwenzeka KweRedshift

Ukushintsha okubomvu kokukhanya okuvela emithala ekude kungachazwa yiDoppler effect, ipheniomenon ethinta imvamisa yamagagasi ngokususelwe ekunyakazeni komthombo okuhlobene nesibukeli. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho into ekhipha umsindo isuka kumuntu obukele, amaza omsindo ayanwebeka, okuholela ekubeni iphimbo eliphansi. Ngokufanayo, lapho umthombo wokukhanya, onjengomthala, usuka kithi, amaza okukhanya ayanwebeka, okwenza ukukhanya kugudluke kuye ekugcineni okubomvu kwespectrum kazibuthe kagesi.

Ukuqaphela kukaEdwin Hubble ukuhamba ngokubomvu emithala ekude kunikeze ubufakazi bokuqala bomkhathi okhulayo. Wathola ukuthi cishe yonke imithala yayisuka kude nathi, ngesivinini sayo sokuwohloka komnotho ngokulingana ngokuqondile nebanga layo. Lobu budlelwano, manje okwaziwa ngeHubble’s Law, buyisisekelo sesayensi yendawo yonke yesimanje.

IRedshift iphinde yenzeke ngenxa yokunwetshwa kwesikhala ngokwaso, kunokuhamba kwemithala emkhathini. Njengoba umkhathi wanda, amaza amaza amaphoton ahamba kuwo ayanwebeka, okuphumela kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi icosmological redshift. Lolu hlobo lweredshift lunikeza ubufakazi obuqondile bomkhathi okhulayo obikezelwe iBig Bang theory.

Ukutholakala kweredshift emithala ekude kwaba isinyathelo esibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi indawo yonke ayimile. Ukuqaphela ukuthi imithala eqhelelene nathi inokushintshashintsha okubomvu okuphakeme (okungukuthi, ihlehla ngokushesha) kusikisela ukuthi umkhathi ngokwawo uyanda, usekela umbono wokuthi indawo yonke yaqala esimweni esishisayo nesiminyene kakhulu.

Nakuba iBig Bang ithiyori ichaza ukwanda kwendawo yonke, iphinde iphakamise imibuzo mayelana nemikhawulo yalokho esingakubona. Umkhathi kucatshangwa ukuthi uneminyaka engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu13.8, okusho ukuthi indawo ekude kakhulu esingayibona iqhele ngamalightyear ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu13.8. Nokho, ngenxa yokwanda kwendawo yonke, ubukhulu bangempela bendawo yonke ebonakalayo bukhulu kakhulu—cishe iminyaka yokukhanya eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu93 ububanzi.

Ngaphezu kwalo mkhawulo obonakalayo kukhona indawo yonke ebanzi, engabonakali. Ukukhanya okuvela ezifundeni ezikude akukabi naso isikhathi sokusifinyelela. Nakuba singenza ukuqagela okufundile mayelana nokuthi yini ekhona ngale komkhathi obonakalayo ngokusekelwe kumamodeli amanje, lezi zindawo zihlala zingenakufinyeleleka ukuze zibukwe ngokuqondile, okuholela ekuqageleni mayelana nokuthi yini engalé komkhathizwe wethu.

Isikhathi SeInflationary and Cosmic Inflation

Ukwehla kwamandla emali kwahlongozwa ukuze kuxazululwe izinkinga ezimbalwa ngetiyori yakudala yeBig Bang, okuhlanganisa inkinga yehorizon nenkinga yokucaba.

Inkinga yehorizon ibhekisela embuzweni wokuthi kungani indawo yonke ibonakala ifana kangaka ngezinga lokushisa nokuminyana, ngisho nasezifundeni eziqhelelene kakhulu ukuthi zingake zathintana nembangela. Ngaphandle kokwehla kwamandla emali, indawo yonke ebonakalayo kufanele ibe nezifunda ezingazodwa ezingabanga naso isikhathi sokuhlangana nokufinyelela ukulingana kokushisa, nokho siyaqaphela ukuthi indawo yonke iyafana ngokuphawulekayo ngezikali ezinkulu.

Ukwehla kwamandla emali kuyixazulula le nkinga ngokuphakamisa ukuthi, ngaphambi kokwanda okusheshayo, yonke indawo ebonakalayo yayixhumene nesizathu. Lokhu kwavumela izifunda ezehlukene ukuthi zifinyelele ekulinganeni ngaphambi kokuba ukwehla kwamandla emali kuhlukaniselane kude. Ngenxa yalokho, indawo yonke ibonakala ifana, nakuba izindawo ezikude manje sezihlukaniswa amabanga amakhulu.

Inkinga yeflatness enye inkinga edingidwa ukwehla kwamandla emali. Ukuhlola kusikisela ukuthi indawo yonke iyisicaba ngokwejometri, okusho ukuthi imigqa ehambisanayo ihlala ihambisana futhi amaengeli kanxantathu ahlanganisa amadigri angu180. Nokho, indawo yonke eyisicaba idinga izimo eziqondile zasekuqaleni. Ngaphandle kokwehla kwamandla emali, ngisho nokuchezuka okuncane kokucaba endaweni yonke yokuqala bekuzokhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okuholela endaweni egobile kakhulu namuhla.

Ukwehla kwamandla emali kuchaza ukucaba kwendawo yonke ngokuphakamisa ukuthi noma yikuphi ukugoba kwasekuqaleni kwashelela ngenxa yokwanda okusheshayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho noma indawo yonke iqale ngokugoba kancane, ukwehla kwamandla emali bekuyokwandisa kakhulu kangangokuthi manje isibonakala isicaba ngezikali ezinkulu kakhulu.

Nakuba ukwehla kwamandla emali kwecosmic kusewumqondo wethiyori, kuthole ukusekelwa emigqeni eminingi yobufakazi. Obunye bobufakazi obubaluleke kakhulu buvela ezilinganisweni ezinemininingwane zesizinda secosmic microwave (CMB.

ICMB iqukethe ukuguquguquka okuncane kwezinga lokushisa, okuhambisana nezifunda zokuminyana okuphezulu kancane noma okuphansi kumkhathi wokuqala. Lokhu kuguquguquka kucatshangwa ukuthi kuyimbewu yakho konke ukwakheka esikubona endaweni yonke namuhla, kuhlanganise nemithala, izinkanyezi namaplanethi. Iphethini yalokhu kuguquguquka ihambisana nokubikezela kwethiyori yokwehla kwamandla emali, ephakamisa ukuthi ukuguquguquka kwequantum phakathi nokwehla kwamandla emali kwanwetshelwa esikalini secosmic, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwezakhiwo ezinkulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucaba kwendawo yonke, njengoba kubonwa yimishini efana neWMAP nePlanck,ukwesekwa okungaqondile kokwehla kwamandla emali. Ukwehla kwamandla emali kubikezela ukuthi indawo yonke kufanele ibonakale isicaba ngezilinganiso ezinkulu, futhi lesi sibikezelo sifakazelwe ngokubhekwa.

Nakuba ukwehla kwamandla emali kuyisixazululo esikhangayo ezinkingeni eziningi zecosmology, kusalokhu kuwukuqagela. Ososayensi basafuna ubufakazi obuqondile bokwehla kwamandla emali, njengokutholwa kwamagagasi adonsela phansi asendulo—amagagasi avela emkhathini akhiqizwa phakathi nenkathi yokwehla kwamandla emali. Uma etholwa, lawa maza adonsela phansi anganikeza isiqinisekiso esiqinile seinflation theory.

Iqhaza LeDark Matter kanye Namandla Amnyama

IDark matter iwuhlobo lwento olungakhiphi, lumunce, noma luveze ukukhanya, luyenze ingabonakali kumatelescope. Ukuba khona kwawo kucatshangelwa emiphumeleni yawo yamandla adonsela phansi ezintweni ezibonakalayo. Ngokwesibonelo, isivinini esijikelezayo semithala sisikisela ukuthi inesisindo esiningi kakhulu kunalokho esingabonwa ezinkanyezini, egesini nasothulini. Lesi sisindo esingabonakali sidalwe yidark matter.

Into emnyama nayo idlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhekeni kwezakhiwo ezinkulu endaweni yonke. Ngemva kweBig Bang, ukushintshashintsha okuncane kokuminyana kwezinto ezimnyama kunikeze amandla adonsela phansi adingekayo ukuze kwakheke imithala namaqoqo omthala. Ngaphandle kwezinto ezimnyama, lezi zakhiwo bezingeke zibe nesikhathi esanele sokwakheka eminyakeni eyizigidigidi eziyi13.8 selokhu kwaba neBig Bang.

Ngaphezu kokubaluleka kwayo kucosmology, imvelo yangempela yento emnyama ihlala ingenye yezimfihlakalo ezinkulu kusayensi. Yize kuphakanyiswe amakhandidethi amaningana, okuhlanganisa izinhlayiya ezinkulu ezisebenzisanayo ezibuthakathaka (WIMPs) kanye namaaxion, okumnyama kusazotholwa ngokuqondile.

Amandla amnyama awaziwa kakhulu kunento emnyama. Kuwuhlobo lwamandla olungena kuyo yonke indawo futhi lunesibopho sokwanda ngokushesha kwendawo yonke. Ngasekupheleni kwawo1990, ukubonwa kwesupernovae ekude yembula ukuthi ukwanda kwendawo yonke kuyashesha, kunokuba kwehle njengoba kulindelekile. Lokhu kutholwa kuholele esiphakamisweni samandla amnyama njengamandla aqhuba lokhu kusheshisa.

Imvelo yamandla amnyama ayikaziwa. Okunye okungenzeka ukuthi lihlobene necosmological constant, igama uEinstein alethula ekuqaleni ezibalweni zakhe zokuhlobana okujwayelekile ukuze avumele indawo yonke emile. Ngemva kokutholakala kwendawo yonke eyandayo, uEinstein washiya icosmological constant, ekubiza ngokuthi iphutha lakhe elikhulu kakhulu. Nokho, kusukela lapho iye yavuswa njengencazelo enamandla amnyama.

Eminye imibono iphakamisa ukuthi amandla amnyama angaba umphumela wenkambu entsha, okwamanje engaziwa noma amandla, noma ukuthi ukuqonda kwethu amandla adonsela phansi kungase kudingeke kubuyekezwe ngezikali ezinkulu.

Ukuba khona kwamandla amnyama kunemithelela ejulile yesiphetho sokugcina sendawo yonke. Uma amandla amnyama eqhubeka eqhubekisela phambili ukwanda okusheshayo kwendawo yonke, khonake imithala ekude ekugcineni izohlehla idlule umkhathizwe obonakalayo, ishiye indawo yonke imnyama futhi ingenalutho. Lesi simo, esaziwa ngokuthi Iqhwa Elikhulu noma Ukufa Kokushisa, kuphakamisa ukuthi indawo yonke izoqhubeka nokunwetshwa kuze kube phakade, ekugcineni ibande futhi ingabi nasakhiwo.

Ezinye iziphetho ezingaba khona zendawo yonke zihlanganisa iBig Rip, lapho amandla amnyama eba namandla kakhulu futhi agcine ehlukanisa imithala, izinkanyezi, amaplanethi, ngisho namaathomu, noma iBig Crunch, lapho ukunwetshwa kwendawo yonke kuhlehla., okuholela ekuweni kwesimo esishisayo, esiminyene esifana nezimo zeBig Bang.

Ukuhlola iBig Bang: Ucwaningo Oluqhubekayo Nokutholwa Kwesikhathi esizayo

Enye yezindawo ezibalulekile zocwaningo ukuxhumana phakathi kwecosmology neparticle physics. Izimo zendawo yonke yakuqala, ngemva nje kweBig Bang, zazidlulele kangangokuthi azikwazi ukuphindaphindwa kunoma iyiphi ilabhorethri eMhlabeni. Kodwake, izisheshisi zezinhlayiya ezinamandla amakhulu, njengeLarge Hadron Collider (LHC) eCERN, zivumela ososayensi ukuthi bakhe kabusha ezinye zezinqubo ezibalulekile ezenzeka ngesikhathi sokuqala kwendawo yonke.

Isibonelo, ukutholwa kweHiggs boson ngo2012 kunikeze imininingwane ebalulekile kumshini onikeza izinhlayiya mass, isici esibalulekile seStandard Model yeparticle physics. Ukuqonda ukuziphatha kwezinhlayiya endaweni yonke yakuqala kungasikhanyisela ezintweni ezifana nokwehla kwamandla emali ecosmic kanye nemvelo yento emnyama.

Amaza adonsela phansi—amagagasi ahamba emkhathini abangelwa ukushesha kwezinto ezinkulu—anikeza indlela entsha yokutadisha umkhathi. Ukutholwa kwamagagasi adonsela phansi yiLIGO kanye neVirgo observatories kuvule inkathi entsha kusayensi yezinkanyezi, okuvumela ososayensi ukuthi babone ukuhlanganiswa kwezimbobo ezimnyama nezinkanyezi zeneutron.

Ngaphezu kwalezi zenzakalo eziyinhlekelele, amaza adonsela phansi angase futhi abe nezinkomba mayelana nendawo yonke yokuqala. Uma iinflation yecosmic yenzeka, mayekungenzeka ukuthi ikhiqize amagagasi okuqala adonsela phansi, angatholwa kuCMB noma ngokuhlola amagagasi adonsela phansi azayo njengeLISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna. Ukutholwa kwalawa magagasi okuqala kunganikeza ubufakazi obuqinile bokwehla kwamandla emali futhi kunikeze umbono wezikhathi zakuqala zomhlaba.

Izimboni ezintsha nezinhlolovo zecosmic ziqhubeka zithuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu ngendawo yonke. Amaphrojekthi afana neJames Webb Space Telescope (JWST), eyethulwe ngoDisemba 2021, aklanyelwe ukubuka umkhathi ngemininingwane engakaze ibonwe. Kulindeleke ukuthi iJWST ifunde ukwakheka kwezinkanyezi zokuqala nemithala, inikeze imininingwane emisha ngomkhathi wokuqala kanye nezinqubo ezalandela iBig Bang.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlolovo ezinkulu ezifana neDark Energy Survey (DES) kanye neEuclid mission ihlose ukwenza imephu yokusatshalaliswa kwemithala nezinto ezimnyama endaweni yonke. Lolu cwaningo luzosiza izazi zecosmologists ukuthi ziqonde indima yento emnyama namandla amnyama ekubumbeni isakhiwo sendawo yonke kanye nomlando wokunwetshwa.

Ngenkathi ithiyori yeBig Bang iyimodeli ehamba phambili kucosmology, ezinye izinkolelombono ziyaqhubeka nokuhlolwa. Eminye yale mibono iguqula noma inwebe imodeli yeBig Bang ukuze ibhekane nemibuzo engaxazululiwe.

Isibonelo, ithiyori yeBig Bounce iphakamisa ukuthi indawo yonke idlula uchungechunge lwemijikelezo, iBig Bang ngayinye ilandelwe yinkathi yokufinyela bese igoqeka ibe yiBig Crunch, ngemva kwalokho kwenzeke iBig Bang entsha. Le modeli inselele umqondo wesiqalo ebunyeni somkhathi futhi iphakamisa ukuthi indawo yonke ingase ibe ingunaphakade, igibele ibhayisikili ngezigaba zokunwetshwa nokufinyela.

Eminye imibono iphakamisa izinguquko ekuhlobaneni okuvamile, njengaleyo ehlanganisa amandla adonsela phansi equantum, azama ukuhlanganisa iBig Bang nemithetho yequantum mechanics. Le mibono iphakamisa ukuthi iBig Bang ingase ingameleli ubunye bangempela, kodwa kunalokho uguquko olusuka esigabeni sangaphambilini somkhathi.

Izisekelo Zetiyori Nemikhawulo Yethiyori YeBig Bang

Umbono kaEinstein wokuhlobana okujwayelekile uguqule ukuqonda kwethu indawo, isikhathi, namandla adonsela phansi. Yathatha indawo yeNewtonian physics ngokwethula umqondo wesikhathi sasemkhathini, ongagotshwa ukuba khona kobunzima namandla. Lokhu kugoba yilokho esibhekana nakho njengamandla adonsela phansi. Ukuhlobana okujwayelekile kuye kwahlolwa ezimweni eziningi ezihlukene, kusukela emizileni yamaplanethi kuya ekugotshweni kokukhanya kwezinto ezinkulu (igravitational lensing), futhi kuye kwanikeza ngokuqhubekayo izibikezelo ezinembile.

Kodwake, ukuhlobana okujwayelekile kuyehla uma kusetshenziswa ezintweni ezihlukene—amaphoyinti okuminyana okungapheli kanye nevolumu enguziro, njengesimo sokucatshangelwa somkhathi ngesikhathi seBig Bang. Kulobu bunye, ukugoba kwesikhathi sasemkhathini kuba okungenamkhawulo, futhi imithetho yefiziksi njengoba siyazi iyayeka ukusebenza nganoma iyiphi indlela ephusile. Lokhu kuveza ukulinganiselwa okukhulu kwethiyori yeBig Bang: ayikwazi ukuchaza umzuzu wokuqala wokuba khona kwendawo yonke noma okwenzeka ngaphambi kweBig Bang.

Nakuba ukuhlobana okuvamile kulawula ukwakheka kwesilinganiso esikhulu somkhathi, iquantum mechanics ichaza ukuziphatha kwezinhlayiyana ezikalini ezincane kakhulu. Inkinga iba lapho sizama ukusebenzisa yomibili le mibono ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, njengalezo ezazikhona endaweni yonke yokuqala. Kulokhu kuminyana okukhulu namandla, imiphumela yequantum ayinakushaywa indiva, kodwa ukuhlobana okujwayelekile akubandakanyi ubulungiswa bequantum. Lokhu kuholele ekuseshweni kwethiyori yequantum gravity engachaza kokubili ukwakheka kwesilinganiso esikhulu sesikhathi sasemkhathini kanye nokuziphatha kwequantum kwezinhlayiya.

Ithiyori yeString kanye neloop quantum gravity kungamakhandidethi amabili agqame kakhulu wethiyori yequantum gravity, nakuba kungekho okuke kwafakazelwa ngokuqinisekile. Le mibono izama ukuhlanganisa ukuhlobana okuvamile nequantum mechanics futhi ingase inikeze imininingwane ngemvelo yobunye. Isibonelo, amandla adonsela phansi eloop quantum aphakamisa ukuthi iBig Bang ingase ithathelwe indawo IBig Bounce, lapho indawo yonke ijikeleza ezikhathini zokunwetshwa nokufinyela, igwema ububodwa ngokuphelele.

Isikhathi sangaphambili somkhathi esingasichaza iphysics yamanje saziwa ngokuthi iPlanck epoch, esenzeka ekuqaleni¹⁰⁴³ imizuzwana ngemva kweBig Bang. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, amandla amane ayisisekelo—amandla adonsela phansi, amandla kazibuthe kagesi, namandla enuzi anamandla nabuthaka—ahlanganiswa aba amandla owodwa. Kodwake, izimo zomzimba kule nkathi zidlulele kangangokuthi ukuqonda kwethu kwamanje kwephysics kuyehla. Ukuchaza indawo yonke ngesikhathi sePlanck kudinga ithiyori yequantum gravity, njengoba kushiwo, ibe n.esakhiwe ngokugcwele.

Ngaphandle kwenkathi yePlanck, cishe¹⁰³⁵ imizuzwana, indawo yonke ibe nenguquko yesigaba eyahlukanisa amandla abe yizinhlobo zawo zesimanje. Lolu shintsho kungenzeka luqalise ukwehla kwamandla emali ecosmic, isikhathi esifushane sokukhula okusheshayo okwenzeka phakathi kuka¹⁰³⁵ kanye¹⁰³² imizuzwana ngemva kweBig Bang.

Enye yezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo kucosmology umbuzo wezimo zokuqala zendawo yonke. Kungani indawo yonke yaqala isesimweni esiphansi, ivumela ukuvela kokuyinkimbinkimbi, izinkanyezi, imithala, nokuphila? Lo mbuzo ubaluleke kakhulu kumongo weSecond Law of Thermodynamics, othi ientropy yesistimu engayodwa ivame ukwanda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Uma umkhathi waqala ngokuhleleka okukhulu, esimweni esiphansi, yini ebangele lokhu, futhi ngani?

Ezinye izazi zefiziksi ziphikisa ngokuthi le ndaba ikhomba isidingo esijulile senkolelombono engachazi nje ukuvela kwendawo yonke kodwa nezimo zayo zokuqala. Ngokwesibonelo, embonweni wokwehla kwamandla emali, ukwanda ngokushesha kwendawo yonke kungachaza ukuthi kungani umkhathi ubonakala ufana futhi uneisotropic ngezinga elikhulu. Nokho, ukwehla kwamandla emali ngokwako kudinga izimo ezithile zokuqala ukuze kuqalwe, okuholela embuzweni wokuthi yini eyabangela ukwehla kwamandla emali kwasekuqaleni.

Ezinye izindlela, njengalezo ezisekelwe kunkolelombono ehlukahlukene, zisikisela ukuthi umkhathi wethu ungase ube nje eyodwa kweziningi, ngayinye enezimo zokuqala ezihlukene nemithetho yemvelo. Kulesi simo, izimo ezithile zomkhathi wethu zingase zibe indaba yenhlanhla, kungadingeki incazelo ejulile.

IHorizon Yolwazi Lwesayensi Nemibono Eqagelwayo

Into emnyama ingenye yezinkinga ezibalulekile ezingaxazululiwe kucosmology. Nakuba yenza cishe u27% wokuqukethwe kwamandla amakhulu endaweni yonke, ayikaze ibonwe ngokuqondile. Ukuba khona kwezinto ezimnyama kucatshangelwa emiphumeleni yayo yamandla adonsela phansi ezintweni ezibonakalayo, ikakhulukazi emithala kanye namaqoqo omthala. Ngokwesibonelo, imithala ijikeleza ngokushesha kakhulu kunalokho okufanele, uma kubhekwa inani lezinto ezibonakalayo ezikuyo. Lokhu kwehluka kungachazwa ngokuba khona kwenqwaba engabonakali—into emnyama.

Naphezu kokwamukelwa kwayo kabanzi emphakathini wesayensi, imvelo yento emnyama ihlala iyimpicabadala. Ayihlangani namandla kazibuthe kagesi, okusho ukuthi ayikhiphi, ayimumbi, noma ayikuvezi ukukhanya. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuthola ngokuqondile, futhi ososayensi baye bahlongoza abantu abambalwa ngendaba emnyama, njengezinhlayiya ezinkulu ezisebenzisanayo (WIMPs) noma amaaxion. Nokho, awekho kulawa amakhandidethi atholwe ngokuphelele ekuhlolweni.

Eminye imibono, efana neModified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) kanye nethiyori ehlobene yeModified Gravity (MOG), izama ukuchaza ukuziphatha kwemithala ngaphandle kokubiza izinto ezimnyama. Le mibono iphakamisa ukuguqulwa ekuqondeni kwethu amandla adonsela phansi ngezikali ezinkulu, okungase kube nomthelela kumajika azungezayo emithala. Nakuba lezi zindlela ezihlukile ziye zaba nempumelelo ethile ekuchazeni izenzakalo ezithile, azikaze zamukelwe kabanzi, njengoba zilwela ukulandisa ngabo bonke ubufakazi bokuqaphela obusekela ukuba khona kwezinto ezimnyama.

Ngaphezu kwento emnyama, enye imfihlakalo ejulile kucosmology amandla amnyama, akha cishe u68% wokuqukethwe kwamandla amakhulu wendawo yonke. Ngokungafani nezinto ezimnyama, ezidonsa amandla adonsela phansi, amandla amnyama kucatshangwa ukuthi anomphumela onyanyekayo, obangela indawo yonke ukuba ikhule ngesivinini esikhulu. Ukutholakala kokukhula okusheshayo kwendawo yonke ngasekupheleni kwawo1990, ngokubhekwa kwesupernovae ekude, kwashaqisa umphakathi wezesayensi futhi kusengenye yezinto ezitholakala kakhulu kusayensi yendawo yonke yesimanje.

Imvelo yamandla amnyama ayikaqondwa kahle. Enye incazelo engenzeka ukuthi amandla amnyama ahlobene necosmological constant, igama elethulwa uEinstein ezilinganisweni zakhe zokuhlobana okujwayelekile ukuchaza ukuminyana kwamandla esikhala esingenalutho. Lo mqondo uphakamisa ukuthi ngisho nasendaweni engenalutho, indawo inenani elithile lamandla, aqhuba ukwanda okusheshisayo kwendawo yonke.

Kodwake, inani lecosmological constant njengoba libikezelwe iquantum field theory likhulu kakhulu kunalokho okubonwayo, okuholela kwenye yezinkinga ezinkulu ezingaxazululiwe kutheoretical physics. Ezinye izincazelo zamandla amnyama zihlanganisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi umele inkambu entsha, engakatholwa, ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi quintessence, noma ukuthi ukuqonda kwethu amandla adonsela phansi esikalini secosmological akuphelele.

Isandiso esisodwa sokuqagela sethiyori yeBig Bang ihypothesis ehlukahlukene. Lo mbono sisikisela ukuthi indawo yonke imane ingenye yezindawo eziningi ezizungezile, ngayinye inemithetho yayo yendalo, izinto ezihlala njalo nezimo ekuqaleni. Umqondo wokuhlukahluka uvela ngokwemvelo kwezinye izinguqulo zeinflationary theory, ebeka ukuthi izindawo ezihlukene zendawo zingase zibe namazinga ahlukene okunwetshwa, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwamabhamuza amauniverse anqanyuliwe komunye nomunye.

Kwezinye izinguqulo zetiyori yeyunithi yezinhlamvu, ikhandidethi eliholayo lethiyori yequantum gravity, imultiverse ingumphumela wemvelo yenani elikhulu lezixazululo ezingaba khona zezibalo ezibusa igeometry yesikhathi sasemkhathini. Isixazululo ngasinye singahambisana nendawo yonke ehlukile enesethi yayo yemithetho yemvelo.

Ihypothesis ehlukahlukene iyaqagela kakhulu futhi inzima, uma kungenzeki, ukuyihlola ngokuqondile. Nokho, inikeza incazelo engase ibe khona yokuhlelwa kahle kwezinto ezibonakalayo ezingaguquki endaweni yonke, okubonakala sengathi zibekwe ngokunembile ukuze zivumele ukuba khona kwezinkanyezi, imithala, nokuphila. Ezingxenyeni ezihlukene, izinto ezingaguquguquki ezibonakalayo zingahlukahluka kuye endaweni yonke, futhi kwenzeka nje ukuthi siphile endaweni lapho izimo zifaneleka khona ukuze ukuphila kube khona.

Nakuba ihypothesis ehlukahlukene isalokhu iyisihloko senkulumompikiswano nempikiswano, igqamisa imvelo yokucabanga neyokudala yetiyori yecosmology, lapho ososayensi kufanele babhekane nemibono edlula kakhulu amakhono ethu okubuka amanje.

Isiphetho Sokugcina Sendawo Yonke

Isimo esingaba khona sekusasa lomhlaba wonke Ukufriza Okukhulu, okubuye kwaziwe ngokuthi Ukufa Kokushisa. Kulesi simo, indawo yonke iyaqhubeka nokukhula ngokungapheli, iqhutshwa amandla amnyama. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imithala izoqhela kakhulu, futhi indawo yonke izoba ngamakhaza futhi ingabi nalutho. Njengoba izinkanyezi ziqeda uphethiloli wazo wenuzi kanye nezimbobo ezimnyama zihwamuka ngemisebe yeHawking, indawo yonke izofinyelela esimweni sokungena okuphezulu, lapho zonke izinqubo ziphela khona, futhi ungasekho umsebenzi ongenziwa.

IBig Freeze okwamanje ibhekwa njengesiphetho esingaba khona kakhulu somkhathi, ngokusekelwe ekusheshiseni okuphawuliwe kokunwetshwa kwendawo yonke.

Omunye umphumela ongaba khona IBig Rip, lapho amandla anyanyekayo wamandla amnyama eba namandla kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kulesi simo, ukwanda kwendawo yonke kuya ngesivinini kangangokuthi ekugcineni kuhlukanisa imithala, izinkanyezi, amaplanethi, ngisho namaathomu. Umkhathi wawuzophela ngokuhlakazeka okunobudlova, zonke izakhiwo ziqhekezwe ukunwetshwa kwendawo ngokwayo.

Amathuba eBig Rip ancike kumvelo yamandla amnyama, okungakaqondwa ngokugcwele. Uma amandla amnyama kuyinkambu eguqukayo eshintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, angaba namandla ngokuzayo, okuholela kuBig Rip. Kodwake, uma amandla amnyama engamandla angaguquki, njengoba kuchazwa icosmological constant, iBig Rip ayinakwenzeka.

Isimo esingenzeka kancane kodwa esisengenzeka IBig Crunch, lapho ukunwetshwa kwendawo yonke kugcina kuhlehla, futhi indawo yonke iqala ukuncibilika. Kulesi simo, amandla adonsela phansi ayezonqoba amandla anyanyekayo wamandla amnyama, okuholela ekubhidlikeni kwendawo yonke ibe isimo esishisayo, esiminyene, esifana nezimo zeBig Bang. Lokhu kungase kuphumele ebunyeni, kuqede ngokuphumelelayo umkhathi ngendlela esiwazi ngayo.

Okunye okuhlukile kweBig Crunch hypothesis iphakamisa ukuthi ukugoqa kungase kulandelwe IBig Bounce, lapho indawo yonke ibuya ebunyeni futhi iqale umjikelezo omusha wokunwetshwa. Le modeli ejikelezayo yendawo yonke iphakanyiswe njengenye indlela yomqondo wesiqalo ebunyeni, okusikisela ukuthi indawo yonke ingase ibe nochungechunge olungapheli lokunwetshwa nokufinyezwa.

Nakuba izimo zeBig Crunch kanye neBig Bounce zingathandwa okwamanje ukubonwa kokukhula okusheshayo kwendawo yonke, zihlala zingamathuba athakazelisayo kumongo wamamodeli athile etiyori.

Isiphetho: Isayensi Nomcabango kuCosmology

Ithiyori yeBig Bang imile njengenye yezimpumelelo ezinkulu kakhulu zesayensi yesimanje, ihlinzeka ngencazelo egculisayo yomsuka, ukuvela kwemvelo, kanye nesakhiwo esikhulu somkhathi. Isekelwa ingcebo yobufakazi bokuqaphela, okuhlanganisa ingemuva lemicrowave ephilayo, iredshift yemithala, nobuningi bezakhi zokukhanya, le thiyori iye yamelana namashumi eminyaka okucutshungulwa futhi isalokhu iyipharadesi ehamba phambili kucosmology.

Kodwake, ithiyori yeBig Bang ayinayo imikhawulo nemibuzo engaphenduleki. Imvelo yento emnyama, amandla amnyama, nezimo zokuqala zendawo yonke zihlala ziyimfihlakalo ejulile. Ukwengeza, ithiyori ayikwazi ukuchaza ngokugcwele ububodwana ekuqaleni kwendawo yonke noma okungenzeka ukuthi kwandulela iBig Bang. Lezi zinkinga ezingaxazululiwe zishiya isikhala sokuqagela, ubuciko, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemibono emisha ecindezela imingcele yokuqonda kwethu.

Umcabango womuntu udlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwecosmology, kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kwethiyori yokwehla nokwenyuka kwamanani entengo kuya ekuhlolisweni kwemibono yangaphandle efana nezinhlobonhlobo. Nakuba ubufakazi besayensi buhlala buyisisekelo solwazi lwethu, amamodeli etiyetha ngokuvamile adinga ukugxuma okugqamile komcabango ukuze kulungiswe izikhala ekuqondeni kwethu.

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe obusha, izindawo zokubuka, kanye nokuhlola kuqhubeka ukuhlola indawo yonke, ukusebenzisana phakathi kokubuka nomcabango kuzohlala kusenhliziyweni yecosmology. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokutholwa kwezinhlayiya ezintsha, ukutholwa kwamagagasi okuqala adonsela phansi, noma ngokuhlola ezinye izinkolelombono zamandla adonsela phansi, ukufuna ukuqonda icosmos kusekude ukuphela.

Ekugcineni, ithiyori yeBig Bang imele ukuhlanganiswa okujulile kokubuka, ithiyori, kanye nomcabango, enikeza umbono wezimfihlakalo ezijulile zendawo yonke. Nakuba imibuzo eminingi isasele, ithiyori ihlinzeka ngohlaka oluqinile lokuhlola isikhathi esedlule, samanje, nekusasa lecosmos, futhi isebenza njengobufakazi belukuluku eliqhubekayo lomuntu kanye nekhono lokusungula phambi kokungaziwa.