Ngomongo weEurope yasendulo, imiqondo yeoffefandvassalage yayiyisisekelo senhlalonhle, ezomnotho, nesakhiwo sezepolitiki esaziwa ngefeudalism. La magama amele ukuguquguquka okuyisisekelo kwamandla, isibopho, nokuphathwa komhlaba okwabumba impilo phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi, kusukela cishe ekhulwini lesi9 kuya kwele15. Ukuqonda ifief kanye nevassalage kubalulekile ekubambeni ukuthi umphakathi wenkathi ephakathi wawusebenza kanjani, ikakhulukazi isimo sawo sokulandelana, lapho ubudlelwano babuchazwa yisibopho sobabili esikhundleni sokulawula okumaphakathi.

Le athikili ihlola isizinda somlando, ukubaluleka kwamafiefs kanye namavassal, kanye newebhu eyinkimbinkimbi yobudlelwano nemisebenzi ebonisa isistimu yefeudal.

Isizinda Somlando SeFeudalism

Ukuthuthukiswa kwefeudalism, futhi ngokunwebeka, ifief kanye nevassalage, kwavela ekuwohlokeni kwegunya eliphakathi nendawo ngemva kokuwa kweWestern Roman Empirengekhulu le5. Njengoba ingqalasizinda yamaRoma yayiwohloka futhi nezinsongo zangaphandle zanda, abaholi bendawo kwakudingeka bathole izindlela ezintsha zokuvikela izindawo zabo nokugcina ukuhleleka. Lokhu kwaholela ekwahlukaniselweni kwamandla kanye nokusungulwa kobudlelwane phakathi kwamakhosi nabangaphansi kwabo.

Ngekhulu lesi9, umbuso kaCharlemagne wawusunikeze umuzwa wesikhashana wobunye eYurophu, kodwa ngemva kokufa kwakhe, umbuso wahlukana waba izingxenye ezincane zezombangazwe. Lesi sikhathi sokuntengantenga, kanye nosongo oluqhubekayo lwabahlaseli bangaphandle abanjengamaViking, amaMagyar, namaSulumane, kwenza kwaba kudingekile ukuba amakhosi nezicukuthwane ziphathise imithwalo yemfanelo yezempi neyokuphatha. Kwakukule ndawo eyiziqephu futhi enesiphithiphithi lapho uhlelo lweoffief kanye nevassalage livela khona.

Fief: Isisekelo Somcebo Osekelwe Emhlabeni

I

Afief(noma ifeudumngesiLatini) ibhekisela engxenyeni yomhlaba noma, kabanzi, indawo eyanikezwa inkosi kumphathi wezisebenzi ukuze kuhwetshwe izinkonzo ezithile, ikakhulukazi usizo lwezempi. Ifief yayiwumthombo oyinhloko wengcebo emnothweni wefeudal, njengoba umhlaba wawuyimpahla eyigugu kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Ngokungafani nemibono yesimanje yendawo, ubunikazi befief abusho ukulawula okugcwele nokuphelele phezu komhlaba. Kunalokho, kwakufana neconditional tenure—ifief “yayibolekwa” kumphathi inqobo nje uma imisebenzi ethile isifeziwe.

Izinhlobo zeFiefs

Bekunezinhlobo ezahlukene zefiefs, kuye ngokuthi yini enikeziwe kanye nohlobo lwesivumelwano phakathi kwenkosi nevassal:

  • Amafiefs asekelwe kumhlaba: Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu, lapho umhlaba wanikezwa khona ngokushintshanisa izinkonzo. Lokhu kungahlanganisa noma yini kusukela epulazini elilodwa kuya endaweni enkulu.
  • Izigebengu ezisekelwe ehhovisi: Kwezinye izimo, ifief ingase ingabi umhlaba nhlobo kodwa isikhundla segunya, njengokuphatha noma indima yokwahlulela. Imali engenayo etholakala ezinkokhelweni noma ezintela zalesi sikhundla “yayiyimali” yesikhulu.
  • IFiefrents: Ezimweni ezingavamile, ivassal ingase inikezwe amalungelo okuqoqa imali yokuqasha ezindaweni ezithile ngaphandle kokulawula okuqondile komhlaba ngokwawo.

IVassalage: Iwebhu yeFeudal Loyalty

Igama elithi vassalagerefers kubudlelwano bomuntu siqu phakathi kwealordand avassal, lapho ivassal yenza isithembiso sokwethembeka nesevisi kunkosi ukuze ithole ukuvikelwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwefief. Lolu hlelo lwezibopho ezihlangene lwakha umgogodla womphakathi wenkathi ephakathi, esikhundleni sokulawula okumaphakathi kukahulumeni ngenethiwekhi yobudlelwano obuncike komunye nomunye.

Ukuhlonipha kanye Nokulunga

Inqubo yokuba isikhonzi yaqala ngomcimbi osemthethweni lapho isikhulu sasibophezeleka khona kanye nokuba nesandla enkosini. Lezi kwakuyizenzo ezinesizotha ezazibopha izinhlangothi zombili:

  • Ukudumisa: Ngesikhathi somcimbi wokudumisa, inceku yayiguqa phambi kwenkosi, ibeke izandla zayo phakathi kwezandla zenkosi, futhi ifunge isifungo sokwethembeka. Lesi senzo sasifanekisela isibopho somuntu siqu phakathi kwabo. Isikhulu sazibophezela ekukhonzeni inkosi nokuvikela izithakazelo zayo.
  • Iqiniso: Ngemva kokukhothama, isikhulu sathatha isifungo, sithembisa ukuhlala sithembekile futhi sithembekile. IFealty yayiyisithembiso esijulile nesibophezelayo kunokwethembeka okulula, njengoba kwakunezincazelo zenkolo nezokuziphatha. Ukwephula isifungo kwakungabhekwanga nje njengokukhaphela komuntu siqu kodwa njengokwephulwa kwezindinganiso zobuKristu.
Izibopho zeVassal

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wesikhulu kwakuwukunikeza inkonzo yezempi enkosini yaso. Esikhathini lapho izimpi zazivamile khona futhi amabutho ayengenawo umsebenzi wobungcweti noma engekho endaweni eyodwa, amakhosi ayethembele kakhulu kubaphathi bawo ukuze banikeze amabutho ahlomile. Kuye ngosayizi wefief, ivassal ingase isebenze njengeqhawe, ihole iqembu layo lamasosha, noma iqondise ibutho elincane.

Izibopho ezengeziwe zevassal zazihlanganisa:

  • Umkhandlu nezeluleko: Umphathi bekulindeleke ukuba aluleke inkosi futhi anikeze izeluleko ezindabeni ezibalulekile, kubandakanya nezepolitiki.izindaba zezempi, nezomnotho.
  • Ukusekelwa ngokwezimali: Abasebenzi bezisebenzi ngokuvamile babedingeka ukuba banikeze usizo lwezimali enkosini ezimeni ezithile, njengokukhokhela isihlengo senkosi uma ethunjwe empini noma enikela ezindlekweni zokulwa nendodana yenkosi noma ukulobola indodana yakhe. indodakazi.
  • Ukungenisa Izihambi: Abasebenzi bezisebenzi ngezinye izikhathi babephoqeleka ukuthi baphathe inkosi kanye nethimba layo lapho bevakashele indawo yevassal, behlinzeka ngokudla, indawo yokuhlala, nokuzijabulisa.
Izibopho zeNkosi

Ubudlelwano bebungachemile. Amakhosi ayenezibopho ezibalulekile kubaphathi bawo, okubaluleke kakhulu isibopho sokuhlinzeka ngokuvikela. Inkosi bekulindeleke ukuthi ivikele umhlaba wevassal ezinsongweni zangaphandle futhi iqinisekise ukuthi ivassal ingakwazi ukuqhubeka nokuthola imali kufief. Amakhosi nawo bekulindeleke ukuthi ahloniphe imigomo yefief futhi angeke akwazi ukuyihoxisa ngaphandle kwesizathu.

Isakhiwo SeHierarchical of Feudal Society

Inhlangano yamaFeudal yayiyihierarchical pyramid, enenkosi noma inkosi phezulu, ilandelwa yizikhulu ezinamandla nabefundisi, bese kuba yizicukuthwane ezingaphansi, amaqhawe, nabanye abangaphansi kwabo. Izinga ngalinye lalesi sigaba saphezulu lalisekelwe ebudlelwaneni befief kanye nevassalage.

Inkosi njengeNkosi

Phezulu kwephiramidi kwakumi inkosi, eyayiyinkosi enkulu. Amakhosi ayevame ukunikeza izicukuthwane zawo ezibaluleke kakhulu izinkunzi zawo eziphakeme—izikhulu, izikhulu nezindunankulu—nabo, ababezoba nezabo izinceku. Nokho, ngisho namakhosi ayengenawo wonke amandla ngaso sonke isikhathi. Igunya labo ngokuvamile lalilinganiselwe amandla ezikhonzi zabo, futhi ezimweni eziningi, izikhulu ezinamandla zazingase zilawule kakhulu amazwe azo kunenkosi ngokwayo.

ISubinfeudation

Enye yezinto ezithakazelisa kakhulu zefeudalism kwaba yifeudalism, lapho izikhulu ngokwazo zaba amakhosi ngokunikeza izingxenye zezinceku zabo kubalandeli abangaphansi. Lokhu kwakha iwebhu eyinkimbinkimbi yobudlelwano, lapho ukwethembeka kungahlukaniswa phakathi kwamakhosi amaningana. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ivassal ingase ibambe umhlaba kumakhosi amaningi, okuholela ekungqubuzaneni kwezinzuzo okungaba khona, ikakhulukazi uma amakhosi ayeyizimbangi.

Ukwehliswa KweFeudalism

Ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, uhlelo lwefief kanye nevassalage lwaqala ukwehla, lwenziwa buthaka ngenxa yezinto ezimbalwa:

  • Ukufakwa endaweni eyodwa kwamamonarchies: Njengoba amakhosi emazweni afana neFrance neEngland ehlanganisa amandla, aye ngokuya ethembela emasosheni akhokhelwayo (amabutho amile) esikhundleni sezempi ezisekelwe ngaphansi kwevassalbased.
  • Izinguquko kwezomnotho: Ukukhula komnotho wemali kwasho ukuthi umhlaba wawungasewona wodwa umthombo womcebo. Amakhosi angafuna irenti ngemali kunenkonzo yezempi, okuqhubekisele phambili nokucekela phansi ukwakheka kwefeudal.
  • IBlack Death: Ubhadane olubhubhisayo olwahlasela iEurope ngekhulu le14 lwabulala ingxenye enkulu yabantu, lwaphazamisa izindlela zabasebenzi futhi lwabukela phansi umnotho wezwe.
  • Ukuvukela kwabalimi kanye noshintsho kumphakathi: Ukunganeliseki okwandayo phakathi kwezigaba eziphansi, kuhlanganiswe nokushintsha kancane kancane ezindleleni zokuphatha ezigxile kakhulu, kuholele ekubhidlikeni kwesigaba senhlalo esiqinile obekuncike kuso ifeudalism.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo kanye Nokwehla KweFeudalism

Ukushintsha Isimo SeFiefs: Ukusuka Kwezempi Kuya Ezivumelwaneni Zezomnotho

Ezigabeni zokuqala zefeudalism, ukunikezwa kwamaafiefwas ngokuyinhloko kuxhumene nomsebenzi wezempi. Kodwake, njengoba iYurophu yazinza ngeNkathi Ephakathi Ephakeme (ikhulu le11 kuya kwele13), ukugxila emsebenzini wezempi kwaxega. IFiefs yahlotshaniswa kakhulu nezinhlelo zezomnotho kunomsebenzi wezempi wodwa.

Ukuguqulwa KwezinkonzoKuvunyelwe abasebenzi ukuba bakhokhe isamba semali (okwaziwa ngokuthiscutage) esikhundleni sokuhlinzeka ngemisebenzi yezempi. Lolu shintsho lubonise ukuguquguquka okubanzi komnotho okubheke emnothweni wezezimali. Amakhosi angasebenzisa le mali ukuqasha amasosha ayingcweti, anciphise ukuthembela enkonzweni yomuntu siqu futhi enze buthaka izibopho zefeudal.

Ukuvela Kobukhosi Okuqinile kanye Negunya Elimaphakathi

Ukwehla kwefeudalism kuhlobene eduze nokwanda kwamamonarchies anamandla abefuna ukuhlanganisa igunya kanye nokunciphisa ithonya lezicukuthwane. Amakhosi aqala ukusho igunya elikhulu futhi abeka amandla awo endaweni eyodwa, enza amabutho amile axhaswa ngentela, ehlisa ukuthembela kwawo ezikhundleni ezingaphansi.

Iqhaza Lamadolobha kanye Nomnotho Wasemadolobheni Ekucekeleni Phansi IFeudalism

Ukukhula kwedolobha kanye nokukhula komnotho wendawo kudlale indima enkulu ekwehleni kwefeudalism. Amadolobha aba izizinda zemisebenzi yezomnotho, ngaphandle kwezibopho zefeudal. Ukukhula kwezentengiselwano komhlaba kwavumela ukuzimela kwezomnotho okwengeziwe, kwenza buthaka isimiso sendabuko sokubusa.

Umthelela WeBlack Death kuFeudalism

ITheBlack Death(13471351) ibangele ukushoda okukhulu kwabasebenzi futhi yenza buthaka uhlelo lwefeudal. Njengoba babembalwa abalimi ababetholakala ukuze basebenze umhlaba, izisebenzi ezisaphila zafuna amaholo nezimo ezingcono, zacekela phansi umnotho.imisebenzi yezisebenzi kanye nezibopho zendabuko zomsebenzi.

Izinguquko Zezomthetho Nezokuphatha Kudala Ephakathi

Ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi kwabona izinguquko ezintsha zezomthetho nezokuphatha ezazibonisa isimo esithuthukayo sokubusa kwaseYurophu. Amakhosi athuthukise amakhodi ezomthetho kazwelonke kanye nobulungiswa obuphakathi nendawo, ehlisa amandla ezinkantolo zefeudal. Ukuvinjelwa ezimpini ezizimele kanye nokukhula kweziphathimandla kuphinde kwaqeda amandla ezicukuthwane.

Ifa leFief neVassalage kuPostFeudal Europe

Nakuba ifeudalism yehlile, ifa leoffefandvassalage liqhubekile nokulolonga umphakathi waseEurope. Uhlelo lwamalungelo obunikazi bomhlaba kanye nempahla lusamile lusekelwe kumasiko efeudal, lunomthelela ekuthuthukisweni komthetho wesimanje wendawo.

Ukwengeza, izicukuthwane ezavela ngaphansi kwefeudalism ziqhubekile nokubusa umphakathi waseEurope amakhulu eminyaka, zigcina amandla ezepolitiki kanye nezenhlalo njengoba amamonarchies ephakathi nendawo.

Isiphetho

Isistimu yeoffefandvassalage ibiyingxenye ebalulekile yomphakathi waseEurope yasendulo, ethonya izinhlaka zayo zezombusazwe, ezomnotho, nezenhlalakahle. Naphezu kokwehla kwawo ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, ifa lefeudalism laqhubeka nokulolonga umlando waseYurophu, kusukela emthethweni wezakhiwo kuya ezinhlotsheni zezenhlalo. IFeudalism kungenzeka ukuthi isiphelile, kodwa umthelela wayo empucukweni yaseYurophu uhlala ungenakuphikwa.