Izizathu Zokungena KweMelika EMpini Yezwe II

Ukungena kweUnited States eMpini Yomhlaba Yesibili kwakungesona isinqumo esisheshayo noma esizimele. Kunalokho, kwakuwumphumela wokusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezici zezombangazwe, ezomnotho, nezempi okwaqhubeka phakathi neminyaka eminingana. Nakuba ukuhlaselwa kwePearl Harbour ngoDecember 7, 1941, kwaba yimbangela yamanje, izizathu ezijulile zokubandakanyeka kweMelika zazisukela ekuguquguqukeni kwamandla omhlaba ngeminyaka yawo1930, izithakazelo zezomnotho, ukuzibophezela kwemibono, kanye nokuthuthuka kobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe. Ukuze uqonde ukuthi kungani iU.S. ingenele ukungqubuzana, kubalulekile ukuhlola lezi zici ngokujulile.

1. Umongo Womhlaba Wonke Wama1930s: Ukuphakama Kobuphelele

Indawo yezepolitiki yawo1930s yalolongwa ukwanda kwemibuso yobushiqela eEurope naseAsia. Umbuso kaAdolf Hitler wamaNazi eJalimane, iItaly yobuFascist kaBenito Mussolini, nohulumeni wezempi waseJapane wafuna ukwandisa ithonya lawo ngezinqubomgomo ezinonya zokwandisa. Le mibuso ibingagcini nje ngokuhlanganisa amandla ekhaya kodwa futhi isongela uhlelo lwamazwe ngamazwe olwasungulwa ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I, ikakhulukazi iSivumelwano SaseVersailles.

Izinqubomgomo ZikaHitler Zokwandisa: UAdolf Hitler, owaqala ukubusa ngo1933, wenqaba imigomo yeSivumelwano SaseVersailles futhi waphishekela inqubomgomo enonya yokwandisa indawo. Wahlasela iRhineland ngo1936, wathatha iAustria ngo1938, futhi wathumba iCzechoslovakia ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho. Lezi zenzo zobudlova zaziklanyelwe ukudala umbuso waseJalimane eYurophu. Umgomo omkhulu kaHitler, njengoba uchazwe kuMein Kampf, kwakuwukusungula ukubusa kwamaJalimane, ikakhulukazi ngezindleko zeSoviet Union, kanye nokuthola indawo yokuhlala (Lebensraum) yabantu baseJalimane.
IItaly kaMussolini: IItaly, ngaphansi kukaMussolini, kwakungelinye igunya elikhulayo elinamandla. Ngo1935, uMussolini wahlasela futhi wathatha iEthiopia, ebonisa isifiso sobuFascist sokubuyisela iItaly ebuhleni boMbuso WaseRoma. Umfelandawonye weItaly neNazi Germany kamuva wawuzoyidonsela ezingxabanweni zomhlaba.

Lawa mazwe abusa ngobushiqela ahlanganiswa isifiso sokubekela inselele uhlelo lwamazwe ngamazwe olukhona, futhi udlame lwawo alusongelanga nje kuphela omakhelwane babo kodwa nezintshisakalo zamazwe abuswa ngentando yeningi, kuhlanganise neUnited States.

2. IIsolationism eAmerica kanye neShift Toward Invelation

Phakathi neminyaka yawo1930, iUnited States yabambelela emgomeni wokuzihlukanisa, owawuqhutshwa imizwelo yomphakathi kanye nokuhlukumezeka kweMpi Yezwe I. Abantu abaningi baseMelika babekholelwa ukuthi ukubandakanyeka kwezwe eMpini Yezwe Yokuqala kube yiphutha, futhi kwakukhona indawo yonke. ukumelana nokubhajwa kwenye ingxabano yaseYurophu. Lokhu kwabonakala ekudluleni kweZenzo Zokungathathi Hlangothi maphakathi nawo1930, ezaklanyelwe ukuvimbela iUnited States ukuthi ingangeni ezimpini zakwamanye amazwe.

The Great Depression:Izici zomnotho nazo zibe nomthelela emcabangweni wokuzihlukanisa. IGreat Depression, eyaqala ngo1929, yaholela ekugxilweni kwezindaba zasekhaya. Ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi, ubumpofu, nokuntengantenga komnotho kwenza ukubanjwa kwamazwe angaphandle kubonakale kungaphuthumi kangako. Kunalokho, uhulumeni waseU.S. kanye nomphakathi babeka eqhulwini ukusimama komnotho nokuzinza komphakathi ekhaya.
Izenzo Zokungathathi hlangothi: ICongress yaphasisa Izenzo Zokungathathi hlangothi ezimbalwa ngeminyaka yawo1930s ezanciphisa ikhono laseUS lokuhlinzeka ngosizo lwezempi emazweni asempini. Le mithetho yayibonisa imizwa eyayidumile yangaleso sikhathi, eyayimelene nokungenelela. Nokho, ukudlondlobala kwemibuso yobushiqela kanye nokwanda kwayo okunonya kwaqala ukuqeda ukuzibophezela kokungathathi hlangothi okuqinile.

Ngaphezu kwalokhu kuzihlukanisa, usongo olukhulayo olulethwa amandla eAxis, ikakhulukazi eEurope naseAsia, luqale ukushintsha inqubomgomo yaseU.S. ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Abaphathi bakaRoosevelt, beqaphela ubungozi beJalimane lobuNazi kanye neImperial Japan engahloliwe, bafuna izindlela zokusekela abambisene nabo njengeBrithani neChina ngaphandle kokungena ngqo empini.

3. Umthetho Wezintshisekelo Zezomnotho kanye Nomthetho Wokubolekwa

Njengoba impi yaseEurope ishuba, izintshisekelo zezomnotho nezasu zaseUnited States zaqala ukudlala indima egqame kakhulu ekulolongeni inqubomgomo yayo yezangaphandle. Izimboni zaseMelika zazinobudlelwane obuqinile kwezomnotho neYurophu, ikakhulukazi neGreat Britain, eyaya ngokuya ithembela ezimpahleni nasezinsizeni zaseU.S. njengoba yayibhekene namandla eJalimane lobuNazi.

ILendLease Act (1941):Esinye sezikhathi ezibalulekile eUnited Statesukushintshela kancane kancane ekungeneleleni kwaba ukuphasiswa koMthetho wokubolekwa kwemali ngoMashi 1941. Lo mthetho wavumela iU.S. ukuthi ihlinzeke ngosizo lwezempi kumadlelandawonye ayo, ikakhulukazi iBrithani futhi kamuva neSoviet Union, ngaphandle kokungena ngokusemthethweni empini. Umthetho Wokubolekwa Kwemali uphawule ukuchezuka okukhulu eMithethweni Yangaphambili Yokungathathihlangothi futhi wabonisa ukuqaphela kukahulumeni waseU.S. ukuthi amandla eAxis amele usongo oluqondile kwezokuphepha zaseMelika.

Umongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt ulungise uhlelo lweLendLease ngokulwenza uzimele njengesinyathelo esidingekayo ukuze asize iU.S. ihlale ivikelekile. Ubedume ngokuyifanisa nokuboleka ipayipi lengadi kumakhelwane oshile indlu yakhe wathi: Uma umuzi kamakhelwane wakho usha, aniphikisani ngokuthi nimboleke ipayipi lasengadini noma cha. Uyamboleka, beseke ucabangela imiphumela kamuva.

Ngokuhlinzeka ngosizo lwezempi, iU.S. yayihlose ukuqinisa ababambisene nayo ngokumelene namandla eAxis ngenkathi ibambezela ukubandakanyeka okuqondile kungxabano. Le nqubomgomo ikhombise ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuphepha kweAmerica kwakulokhu kuxhumene kakhulu nemiphumela yempi yaseEurope naseAsia.

4. IAtlantic Charter kanye Nokuqondanisa Kwemibono

NgoAugust 1941, uMongameli Roosevelt kanye noNdunankulu waseBrithani uWinston Churchill bahlangana emkhunjini wezempi wasogwini lwaseNewfoundland futhi bakhipha iAtlantic Charter. Lo mbhalo uchaze izinjongo ezabiwe zeUnited States kanye neGreat Britain emhlabeni wangemva kwempi, ugcizelela izimiso ezifana nokuzikhethela, ukuhweba ngokukhululekile, kanye nokuphepha kweqoqo.

IAtlantic Charter isayine ukuqondana kwemibono phakathi kweU.S. kanye namandla Ahlangene. Nakuba iU.S. yayingakangeni empini ngokusemthethweni, izimiso ezishiwo kucharter zagcizelela ukuzibophezela kweMelika ekunqobeni imibuso yobushiqela kanye nokugcina izindinganiso zentando yeningi. Umthethosisekelo uphinde wahlinzeka ngohlaka lokuthula kwangemva kwempi, okufana nomoya namaphuzu ayishumi nane kaMongameli uWilson phakathi neMpi Yezwe I.

Ingxenye yeideological yenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yaseU.S. idlale indima ebalulekile ekugcineni iMelika ingena empini. INazi Germany kanye neImperial Japan zibonwe njengezinsongo ezikhona zentando yeningi nenkululeko, amanani iU.S. eyayifuna ukuwavikela.

5. Ukuhlaselwa kwePearl Harbor: Imbangela Esheshayo

Nakuba izici ezishiwo ngenhla zaba nomthelela ekwandeni kwamathuba okuba iMelika ihileleke eMpini Yezwe II, imbangela eqondile yaba ukuhlasela okungalindelekile kweJapane esikhungweni samasosha aseU.S. ePearl Harbor, eHawaii, ngoDecember 7, 1941. Lo mcimbi uguqule ngokumangalisayo inkambo yenqubomgomo yaseMelika yangaphandle.

IJapanese Aggression:Ukunwetshwa kweJapan ePacific kwase kuvele kungqubuzane nezintshisekelo zeU.S. esifundeni. Ukuphendula ubudlova baseJapane eChina naseNingizimumpumalanga yeAsia, iUS yabeka unswinyo lwezomnotho, kuhlanganise nokuvimbela uwoyela, okwasongela kakhulu ikhono leJapane lokusekela imizamo yayo yempi. Abaholi baseJapan, bebhekene nethemba lokuphelelwa yizinsiza ezibalulekile, banquma ukutelekela iU.S. Pacific Fleet ukuze banciphise ubukhona baseMelika ePacific futhi bavikele izifiso zabo zombuso.
Ukuhlasela kwePearl Harbor: Ekuseni ngoDecember 7, 1941, izindiza zaseJapane zaqala ukuhlasela okulimazayo ePearl Harbor. Lokhu kuhlasela okungalindelekile kwaholela ekubhujisweni kwemikhumbi nezindiza eziningi zaseMelika, nokufa kwamasosha angaphezu kuka2,400 kanye nezakhamuzi. Lokhu kuhlasela kwashaqisa umphakathi waseMelika futhi kwanikeza umfutho wezinyathelo zezempi ngokushesha.

Ngakusasa, uMongameli Roosevelt wakhuluma neNgqungquthela, echaza umhlaka7 Disemba njengosuku oluzoba nehlazo. ICongress yasheshe yamemezela impi eJapan, okumaka ukungena ngokusemthethweni kweUnited States eMpini Yezwe II. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa, iGermany neItaly, abalingani beAxis yaseJapan, bamemezela impi eUnited States, futhi iU.S. yazithola isingene ngokugcwele ekungqubuzaneni komhlaba wonke.

6. Isiphetho: Ukuhlangana Kwezinto

Ukungena kweUnited States eMpini Yezwe II akubanga nje ukusabela ekuhlaselweni kwePearl Harbor, nakuba leso sigameko kwaba yimbangela yakamuva. Kwaba isiphetho sochungechunge lwentuthuko yesikhathi eside, okuhlanganisa ukukhuphuka kwemibuso yobushiqela, izithakazelo zezomnotho, ukuzibophezela kwemibono, nokukhathazeka kwamasu mayelana nokuvikeleka komhlaba wonke. Phakathi neminyaka yawo1930 nasekuqaleni kwawo1940, iUS kancane kancane yashintsha isuka kumgomo wokuzihlukanisa yaya kweyokuhlanganyela okusebenzayo, okuqhutshwa ukuqaphela ukuthi umphumela wempi wawuyoba nomthelela omkhulu ngekusasa lentando yeningi nokuzinza komhlaba wonke.

Ngenkathi ukuhlaselwa kwePearl Harbour kwavuselela umbono womphakathi futhi kwanikeza isizathu esisheshayo sempi, izizathu ezijulile zokuzibandakanya kweMelika eMpini Yezwe II zazisenkingeni futhi ethuthukayo yezwe yangaleso sikhathi. Impi yayingamele nje kuphela impi yezempi kodwa futhi impi phakathi kwemibono ephikisanayo, futhi iUnited States yavela empini njengenhlangano yomhlaba wonke.amandla amakhulu, ngokuyisisekelo ibumba kabusha uhlelo lomhlaba emashumini eminyaka alandelayo.

Ukungena kweUnited States eMpini Yomhlaba Yesibili kwaba yisikhathi esinzima esashintsha ngokuyisisekelo ukuhleleka komhlaba, kwaletha iMelika phambili kwezombusazwe zamazwe ngamazwe futhi ekugcineni yaqinisekisa indima yayo njengombuso onamandla. Njengoba kuchaziwe ngaphambili, ukuhlasela kwePearl Harbor ngoDisemba 1941 kwaba yimbangela eyagqugquzela ukungena ngokusemthethweni kweMelika empini. Kodwake, indlela eya kulesi sikhathi yayikude nokulula futhi ihilela inqwaba yezinto zasekhaya, ezomnotho, ezokusebenzelana, kanye nemibono.

1. IShift Embonweni Womphakathi WaseMelika: Ukusuka KuIsolationism kuya kuInterventionism

Enye yezithiyo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokungena kweAmerica eMpini Yomhlaba Yesibili bekuwukunqoba umuzwa wokuzihlukanisa owawusabalala owawubusa inqubomgomo yezangaphandle yaseU.S. ingxenye enkulu yama1930s. Lokhu kuzihlukanisa kwakunezimpande ezijulile zomlando, kubuyela emuva ekhelini lokuvalelisa likaGeorge Washington, elaluleka ngokumelene nokubamba imifelandawonye, kanye nombono kaThomas Jefferson wokungahlangani noyedwa. Nokho, intuthuko eminingana ibe nomthelela ekushintsheni kancane kancane emibonweni yomphakathi, ekugcineni kwabeka isisekelo sokukwazi kukaRoosevelt ukungena empini.

Umphumela Wempi Yezwe I:Ukulimala kwabantu kanye nezomnotho eMpini Yezwe I kudlale indima ebalulekile ekuveleni kweAmerican isolationism phakathi nenkathi yezimpi. Abantu abaningi baseMelika bazizwa bedangele ngemiphumela yeMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, okwathi, naphezu kokukhokhiswa “njengempi yokuqeda zonke izimpi,” ekugcineni kwaholela ekuqhubekeni kokungazinzi eYurophu. Ukwehluleka kweSivumelwano SaseVersailles ukuthola ukuthula okuhlala njalo, kanye nokubhidlika kombono kaWoodrow Wilson weNhlangano Yezizwe, kwajulisa lo muzwa wokudumazeka.
INye Committee (19341936):Ukungabaza komphakathi mayelana nokubandakanyeka kweMelika eMpini Yezwe I kwaqiniswa okutholwe yiKomidi leNye, elaliholwa nguSenator Gerald Nye, elaliphenya ngezimbangela zokubamba iqhaza kweU.S. Iziphetho zekomiti ziphakamise ukuthi izithakazelo zezezimali nezamabhizinisi, ikakhulukazi abakhiqizi bezikhali nabamabhange, bafake izwe engxabanweni yokuthola inzuzo. Lokhu kwaqinisa umuzwa wokuzihlukanisa, njengoba abantu baseMelika abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ukungena ezimpini ezizayo kufanele kugwenywe ngazo zonke izindlela.
Iqhaza LeKomidi Lokuqala LaseMelika:Njengoba ukungezwani kwakukhula eEurope naseAsia ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo1930, umbutho wokuzihlukanisa eU.S. wazuza ukuvelela. IAmerica First Committee, eyasungulwa ngo1940, yaba enye yezinhlangano ezizimele ezizimele ezweni, ezinezibalo ezifana nomshayeli wendiza uCharles Lindbergh ezwakalisa ukuphikisa okuqinile kokungenelela kweMelika. Ikomidi lathi iU.S. kufanele igxile ekuzivikeleni nasekugwemeni izihibe zakwamanye amazwe. Babambe imibuthano emikhulu futhi basebenzisa inkulumo enamandla ukuze bagxeke inqubomgomo kaRoosevelt yamazwe angaphandle eya ngokuya ingenelela.
Ukukhathazeka Okukhulayo Mayelana Nolaka LweAxis:Naphezu kwegagasi lokuzihlukanisa, imibiko yonya olwenziwa amandla eAxis, ikakhulukazi iJalimane lobuNazi, yaqala ukuthonya umbono womphakathi waseMelika ekungeneleleni. Ukuphatha kukaHitler ngonya amaJuda, abaphikisi, nabaphikisi bezombangazwe eYurophu, kuhlangene nezenzo zobudlova ezisobala, njengokuhlasela kwePoland, iDenmark, iNorway, neFrance, zawushaqisa umphakathi waseMelika. Kancane kancane, abantu baqala ukungabaza ukuthi ingabe ukungahlanganyeli empini kwakuyisenzo sokuziphatha nesingokoqobo lapho sibhekene nobudlova obunjalo.
Inkulumo ethi “Arsenal of Democracy”:Ngomhla zingama29 kuZibandlela, 1940, uRoosevelt wethula enye yezinkulumo zakhe ezibaluleke kakhulu, ezaziwa ngele“Arsenal of Democracy” inkulumo, lapho abeka khona impikiswano enamandla yokweseka amaAllies, ikakhulukazi. IBrithani. Roosevelt uxwayise ngokuthi iUnited States ngeke ihlale iphephile uma iYurophu iwela ngokuphelele ngaphansi kokulawulwa yiJalimane lamaNazi, njengoba amandla eAxis azobe esesongela iWestern Hemisphere. Ukulwa neAxis wakubeka njengokuvikela intando yeningi uqobo, futhi inkulumo yakhe yashintsha umbono womphakathi. Umbono wokuthi iU.S. yayiyisizinda sokugcina samagugu entando yeningi emhlabeni owaya ngokuya ubuswa imibuso yobushiqela waqala ukuzwakala kubantu abaningi baseMelika.

2. Roosevelt's Diplomatic Maneuvers and Foreign Policy Shifts

Ngenkathi umbono womphakathi usuqala ukushintshela ekusekeleni amaAllies, abaphathi bakaRoosevelt base bevele besebenzisa izinyathelo ezibalulekile zezobuzwe ezihloselwe ukusekela iGreat Britain kanye nokulungiselela iU.S. ukuthi ibambe iqhaza ekugcineni. Roosevelt wayekuqonda ukubaluleka kwamasu ekugcineni iBrithani ekulweni neJalimane lobuNazi futhi waqaphela ukuthi ukuphepha kweMelika kwakusengozini, nangaphambi kokuba umbono womphakathi uhambisane ngokugcwele nokungenelela.

Isivumelwano SeDestroyersforBases (1940):NgoSepthemba 1940, uRoosevelt wenza isinqumo esibucayi sokuhlinzeka nge50 agngokuletha ababhubhisi bamasosha aseMelika eGreat Britain ukuze bathole amalungelo okusungula izizinda zamasosha aseMelika ezindaweni zaseBrithani eNtshonalanga Yenkabazwe, kuhlanganise neNewfoundland kanye neCaribbean. Lesi sivumelwano siphawule ushintsho olukhulu kunqubomgomo yezangaphandle yaseUS, njengoba yeqa imikhawulo yeMithetho yokungathathi hlangothi ngenkathi iqinisa amandla eBrithani okuzivikela ngokumelene neJalimane. Isivumelwano siphinde sasebenza ekuqiniseni amandla okuvikela aseMelika eAtlantic.
ISelective Training and Service Act ka1940: Ebona ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi iAmerica ingenele empini esikhathini esizayo, uRoosevelt waphusha ukuba kuphasiswe uMthetho Wokuqeqeshelwa Okukhethiwe Nokusebenza, owasayinwa waba umthetho ngoSeptember 1940. Lo mthetho wasungula owokuqala. uhlaka lwesikhathi sokuthula emlandweni waseUS futhi lwabeka isisekelo sokuhlangana kwezigidi zamasosha aseMelika ekugcineni. Lesi senzo sasiwuphawu olucacile lokuthi uRoosevelt wayelungiselela impi engase ibe khona, nakuba iU.S. yayingakangeni kule ngxabano.

3. Izici Zezomnotho Nezimboni: Ukulungiselela Impi

Ngaphandle kwediplomacy, iU.S. ibilungiselela buthule umnotho wayo namandla ezimboni ukuze ibambe iqhaza empini. IMpi Yezwe II yayingeke ibe impi yezempi kuphela kodwa futhi impi yezimboni, lapho amandla okukhiqiza izikhali, izimoto, kanye nempahla ngezinga elingakaze libonwe kungabaluleka empumelelweni. Ukuphatha kukaRoosevelt kuthathe izinyathelo ezibalulekile zokuguqula umnotho waseMelika ube yilokho akubiza ngokuthi “IArsenal yeDemokhrasi.”

Iqhaza Lemboni YaseMelika:Ngisho nangaphambi kwePearl Harbor, imboni yaseMelika yayishintshela ekukhiqizweni kwempi, njengoba imiyalo evela eBrithani kanye namanye amaAllies mayelana nempahla yezempi yanda. Izinkampani ezazigxile ezimpahleni ezithengwayo, njengezimoto, zaqala ukuguqula imigqa yazo yokukhiqiza ukuze zikhiqize izindiza, amathangi, nezinye izinto zempi. Lolu shintsho lwasheshiswa nakakhulu ngokuphasiswa kweLendLease Act ngoMarch 1941, okwavumela iUS ukuthi inikeze usizo lwezempi eBrithani, iSoviet Union, nezinye izizwe ezilwa namandla eAxis. Uhlelo Lokubolekwa Kwemali luphawule ukuchezuka okukhulu ezinqubweni zangaphambilini zaseU.S. zokungathathi hlangothi, futhi lwasiza ukuvikela ukusinda kwezomnotho nezempi kweBrithani emahoreni ayo amnyama kakhulu.
Ukuhlanganisa Abasebenzi: Uhulumeni waseUS uphinde wathatha izinyathelo zokulungiselela abasebenzi ukuze bahlangabezane nezidingo zokukhiqizwa kwempi. Kwasungulwa izinhlelo zokuqeqesha abasebenzi ngamakhono amasha adingekayo ezimbonini zezokuvikela, futhi abesifazane, ababekade bekhishwa inyumbazane emikhakheni eminingi yabasebenzi, bakhuthazwa ukuba bathathe imisebenzi ezimbonini nasezindaweni zemikhumbi. Isithombe esiyingqophamlando sika“Rosie the Riveter” saba uphawu lwegalelo lasekhaya laseMelika emzamweni wempi, njengoba izigidi zabesifazane zingena emsebenzini ukuze kuvalwe igebe elishiywe amadoda ayebuthelwe empini.
Uhlaka Olusalungiswa Nokwanda Kwezempi:Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, iSelective Service Act ka1940 yasungula uhlaka lwesikhathi sokuthula olwaqala ukwakha amasosha aseU.S. Ngesikhathi iU.S. ingena empini ngoDecember 1941, amadoda aseMelika angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu1.6 ayesefakwe enkonzweni yezempi. Lokhu kubonela kusengaphambili kwavumela iU.S. ukuthi ihlangane ngokushesha uma impi isimenyezelwe, futhi kwaqinisekisa ukuthi amabutho aseMelika azolungela kangcono ukulwa eYurophu nasePacific.

4. IGeopolitical and Strategic Factors

Ngaphezu kokucatshangelwa kwezomnotho nokokusebenzela, izici ezimbalwa zegeopolitical nazo zadlala indima ebalulekile ekuphusheni iUnited States ekungeneleleni eMpini Yomhlaba Yesibili. Abaholi baseMelika babazi kahle ukubaluleka kwamasu kwetiyetha yaseEurope nePacific, futhi babona ukuthi ukuwa kwezifunda ezibalulekile emandleni eAxis kungaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuvikelekeni kweU.S. nomthelela womhlaba.

IFall of France (1940):Enye yezenzakalo ezethusa kakhulu eUnited States kwaba ukuwa ngokushesha kweFrance ngaphansi kweJalimane lobuNazi ngoJune 1940. IFrance kwase kuyisikhathi eside ibhekwa njengombuso waseYurophu omkhulu nomfelandawonye oyinhloko kule mpi. ngokumelene nobudlova baseJalimane. Ukuwa kwawo akuzange nje kushiye iBrithani imi yodwa ngokumelene namaNazi kodwa futhi kwaphakamisa ithuba lokuthi uHitler wayesezobusa yonke iYurophu ngokushesha. Osomaqhinga baseMelika besaba ukuthi uma iBrithani iwe, iUS izosala yodwa eNtshonalanga Yenkabazwe, neAxis powers pote.bayakwazi ukuveza amandla abo emazweni aseMelika.
The Battle of the Atlantic:Control of the Atlantic Ocean kwaba okunye okukhathaza kakhulu iU.S. Kuwo wonke unyaka we1940 no1941, izikebhe zaseJalimane zaseUboats (imikhumbingwenya) zenza umkhankaso omubi wokulwa nemikhumbi yamaAllied eAtlantic, ecwilisa imikhumbi yabahwebi futhi isongela iBrithani. imigqa yokuhlinzeka. IUS yaqala ukuthatha izinyathelo ezinolaka kakhulu ukuze ivikele izintshisekelo zayo eAtlantic, okuhlanganisa nokuhlinzeka ngamasosha asolwandle amaconvoys athwala izimpahla zeLendLease eziya eBrithani. Umyalo kaRoosevelt “wokudubula ngokubona”, owakhishwa ngoSeptember 1941, wavumela imikhumbi yempi yaseU.S. ukuba ihlasele imikhumbingwenya yaseJalimane lapho ibonwa, okuphawula ngempumelelo ukuqala kwempi yasolwandle engadalulwanga phakathi kweU.S. neJalimane.
Ukubaluleka Okubalulekile KwePacific:Ithiyetha yasePacific yethule isethi yayo yezinselelo zamasu. Izifiso zokunweba zaseJapan eMpumalanga Asia, ikakhulukazi ukuhlasela kwayo iChina kanye nokuhlala kweFrench Indochina, kulethe ukungqubuzana okuqondile nezithakazelo zaseUS esifundeni. IUS yayinezintshisekelo ezibalulekile zezomnotho nezendawo ePacific, okuhlanganisa iPhilippines, iGuam, neHawaii, futhi abaholi baseMelika babekhathazekile ngokuthi ukwanda kweJapane kuzosongela lezi zinkampani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umfelandawonye weJapan neGermany kanye neItaly ngokusebenzisa iSivumelwano seTripartite buye waqinisa iAxis njengosongo lomhlaba wonke.

5. Ukungqubuzana Okubanzi Kwemibono: Intando Yeningi Iqhudelana Nobushiqela

Impi Yomhlaba Yesibili kwakungewona nje umzabalazo wezempi kodwa futhi wawuwumcabango. Ukungqubuzana phakathi kwamandla Ahlangene Namazwe Ahlangene kumelele ukungqubuzana okuyisisekelo phakathi kwentando yeningi nobushiqela, futhi lo mbono wadlala indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni isinqumo seMelika sokungena empini.

Ukunyuka KobuFascist kanye NobuNazi: Ukwanda kwemibuso yobufascist eItaly, eJalimane, naseJapane kwabonakala njengenselele eqondile kumagugu entando yeningi ekhululekile iU.S. UbuFascist, nokugcizelela kwabo ubushiqela, ubuzwe, nezempi, bahluke ngokuphelele emibonweni yentando yeningi yenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, amalungelo abantu, nokubusa komthetho. Umbuso kaHitler wamaNazi, ikakhulukazi, wawuqhutshwa uhlobo olweqisayo lobuzwe olwalufuna ukuqeda okwakucatshangwa ukuthi yizitha, kuhlanganise namaJuda, amaSlav, nabaphikisi bezombangazwe. Ukwesabeka kokuQothulwa Kwesizwe kanye nokuphathwa ngesihluku kwezakhamuzi kwagcizelela ukubaluleka kokuziphatha ukuze amazwe abuswa ngentando yeningi abhekane nefascism.
IIdeological Commitment kaRoosevelt kuDemocracy: UMongameli uRoosevelt wayezinikele ngokujulile ekuvikeleni izindinganiso zentando yeningi, kokubili ekhaya naphesheya. Ubuke amandla eAxis njengosongo olukhona hhayi eEurope naseAsia kuphela kodwa nasekusasa lomhlaba wonke lentando yeningi. Enkulumweni yakhe edumile ethi “Four Freedoms,” ayinikeza ngoJanuary 1941, uRoosevelt waveza umbono wezwe langemva kwempi osekelwe enkululekweni yokukhuluma, inkululeko yokukhulekela, inkululeko ekusweleni, nasekukhululekeni ekwesabeni. Lezi Zinkululeko Ezine zaba isililo sokunxenxa amaMelika ukuba ahlanganyele empini futhi zasiza ukuhlela ukungqubuzana njengomzabalazo wokuziphatha wokulondoloza isithunzi somuntu kanye nokubusa kwentando yeningi.

6. Iqhaza Lombono Womphakathi kanye Nemidiya Ekubumbeni Usekelo Lwempi

Iqhaza lombono womphakathi kanye nabezindaba ekubumbeni ukusekela ukuzibandakanya kweU.S. eMpini Yomhlaba Yesibili ngeke kwaziswe. Njengoba ukungqubuzana kwenzeka eYurophu naseAsia, amaphephandaba aseMelika, ukusakazwa kwemisakazo, nezinye izinhlobo zemithombo yezindaba zabamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekwaziseni umphakathi ngosongo olubangelwa amandla eAxis nasekususeni isimo sezwe ekubeni sodwa siye ekungeneleleni.

Umthelela Wokusabalala Kwezindaba:Kuwo wonke ama1930s kanye nasekuqaleni kwawo1940, izintatheli zaseMelika zabika kabanzi ngokunyuka kwefascism eYurophu kanye nobudlova baseJapan eAsia. Imibiko yezenzo zonya zamaNazi, kuhlanganise nokushushiswa kwamaJuda nabanye abantu abambalwa, yanyatheliswa kabanzi emaphephandabeni aseMelika. Ukuhlasela kwePoland ngo1939, okwalandelwa ukuwa kweFrance kanye neMpi YaseBrithani, kwaqhubeka kwandisa ukuqwashisa komphakathi ngengozi eyabangelwa iJalimane lobuNazi.
Umsakazo kanye neWar Propaganda:Imboni yamafilimu yaseMelika nayo idlale indima enkulu ekukhuthazeni ukwesekwa kwempi. IHollywood ikhiqize inqwaba yamafilimu eProAllied phakathi neminyaka yokuqala yengxabano, amaningi awo ayegqamisa ubuqhawe bamasosha aseBrithani namanye amaAllied. Ngemva kokuba iU.S. ingene empini, uhulumeni wasebenza eduze neHollywood ukukhiqiza amafilimu enkulumoze ayegcizelela ukulunga kwesizathu saseMelika kanye nesidingo sokunqoba amandla eAxis.
Indima Yezinhlolovo Zemibono:Ukuvota kwemibono yomphakathi, okwase kuthuthuke kakhulu ngasekupheleni kwawo1930, nakho kunikeza ukuqonda ekushintsheni kwezimo zengqondo zabantu baseMelika. Ukuvota okwenziwa izinhlangano ezinjengoGallup kubonise ukuthi nakuba abantu abaningi baseMelika ekuqaleni babemelene nokungena empini, ukusekelwa kokungenelela kwakhula kancane kancane njengobaAmandla eaxis aqhubekile nolaka. Ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kwePearl Harbour, ingxenye enkulu yomphakathi waseMelika yayisikholelwa ukuthi ukuzibandakanya kweU.S. empini kwakungenakugwenywa.

7. Imiphumela Yokungena KweMelika EMpini Yezwe II

Ukungena kweUnited States eMpini Yomhlaba Yesibili kube nemiphumela ejulile nefinyelela kude, hhayi nje kumphumela wempi ngokwayo kodwa nokuhleleka komhlaba wonke okwakuzovela ngemva kwayo.

ITurning the Tide of the War:Ukungena kweU.S. empini kwashintsha kakhulu ibhalansi yamandla ukuze ivune amaAllies. Ngomthamo wayo omkhulu wezimboni, iU.S. yakwazi ukukhiqiza izikhali, izimoto, nezinto ezidingekayo ukuze kuqhutshekwe nempi yomhlaba wonke. Amasosha aseMelika asheshe ahlanganisa izigidi zamasosha futhi asungula izisekelo emhlabeni wonke, kusukela eYurophu kuya ePacific. Amasosha aseMelika abambe iqhaza elibalulekile emikhankasweni ebalulekile efana nokuhlasela kweDDay yaseNormandy, ukukhululwa kweNtshonalanga Yurophu, kanye nomkhankaso wokugxuma eziqhingini ePacific owagcina uholele ekunqotshweni kweJapan.
Ukudalwa Kohlelo Lwezwe Olusha:Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, iUnited States yavela njengomunye wemibuso emikhulu emibili yomhlaba, ihambisana neSoviet Union. Impi yayilulolonge kabusha uhlelo lwamazwe ngamazwe, okwaholela ekwehleni kwemibuso yamakholoni yaseYurophu kanye nokukhuphuka kweUS kanye neSoviet Union njengamandla omhlaba abusayo. Umhlaba wangemva kwempi wawuzobonakala ngeMpi Yomshoshaphansi, umzabalazo wezwe phakathi konxiwankulu baseNtshonalanga, eholwa yiUnited States, kanye neMpumalanga yamaKhomanisi, eholwa yiSoviet Union.
Umthelela Emphakathini WaseMelika:Impi futhi ibe nomthelela omkhulu emphakathini waseMelika. Ukugqugquzelwa kwezigidi zamasosha kanye nokushintshela emnothweni wesikhathi sempi kwaletha izinguquko ezinkulu kubasebenzi, abesifazane nabancane badlala indima enkulu embonini nasemasosheni. Imizamo yempi yaphinde yaholela ekwandeni kukahulumeni wobumbano nasekusungulweni kwesakhiwo sezempi nezimboni, ubudlelwano phakathi kukahulumeni, amasosha, kanye nezimboni ezizimele obuzoqhubeka nokubumba inqubomgomo yaseU.S emashumini eminyaka ezayo.

8. Isiphetho: Indlela Eyinkimbinkimbi eya Ekuhlanganyeleni Kwembulunga yonke

Izizathu zokungena kweMelika eMpini Yomhlaba Yesibili bezinezici eziningi futhi zibandakanya ukusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezici zezomnotho, ezempi, zemibono, kanye nezombusazwe. Ngenkathi ukuhlasela kwePearl Harbour kwaba yimbangela yamanje, izimbangela ezibanzi bezilokhu zakha iminyaka njengoba iUS ibhekene nokukhula kwemibuso yobushiqela, usongo ekuvikelekeni komhlaba wonke, kanye nesidingo sokuvikela izindinganiso zentando yeningi. Isinqumo sokugcina seAmerica sokungena empini siphawule ikhefu eliwujuqu esikhathini esidlule sokuzihlukanisa futhi sabeka inkundla yokuvela kwayo njengamandla amakhulu emhlabeni wonke enkathini yangemva kwempi.

Ukungena kweU.S. eMpini Yomhlaba Yesibili akugcinanga nje ngokushintsha indlela impi kodwa futhi kwashintsha ngayo ukuhleleka komhlaba, kwasungula iUnited States njengomdlali oyinhloko ezindabeni zomhlaba wonke futhi kwabeka isisekelo seMpi Yomshoshaphansi kanye nohlelo lwamazwe ngamazwe olukhona. namuhla.