IMuamalat isho indikimba yomthetho wamaSulumane olawula ukuthengiselana phakathi kwabantu kanye nobudlelwano bomphakathi. Kuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zokusebenzelana ezilungile, ezisemthethweni, nezizuzisa umphakathi. Umgomo omkhulu weMuamalat uwukuqinisekisa ubulungiswa nobulungiswa kukho konke okwenziwayo, okubonisa izimiso zamaSulumane.

Izinhlobo zeMuamalat

1. Ukuthengiselana Kwezentengiso (Muamalat Tijariyah)

Lolu hlobo luhlanganisa konke ukusebenzisana kwebhizinisi nezinqubo zokuhweba, ezifana nokuthenga, ukuthengisa, ukuqashisa, nokubambisana. Izimiso ezibalulekile zibandakanya ukubeka izinto obala, ukwethembeka, nokugwema inkohliso.

2. Izinkontileka (Aqad)

Izinkontileka kuMuamalat zingaba ngomlomo noma zibhalwe futhi kufanele zihambisane nemibandela ethile ukuze zivumeleke. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izici ezifana nemvume, isihloko esisemthethweni, kanye nemigomo ecacile. Izinkontileka ezijwayelekile zifaka izinkontileka zokuthengisa, izivumelwano zokuqashisa, nezinkontileka zokuqashwa.

3. Ukuthengiselana Kwezezimali (Muamalat Maliyah)

Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusebenzisana kwebhange nezezimali, okugxile ekwabelaneni ngenzuzo nezinhlelo zokwabelana ngengozi. Izimiso zezimali zeIslamic, njengokuvinjelwa kwenzalo (iriba), iqondisa lokhu kuthenga.

4. Ukuthengiselana Komphakathi (Muamalat Ijtimaiyah)

Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa konke ukusebenzelana komphakathi, okufana nomshado, izipho, neminikelo yokupha. Okugcizelelwayo kusekukhuthazeni inhlalakahle yomphakathi kanye nokuhloniphana.

5. Ukuthengiselana Kwezomthetho (Muamalat Qadaiyah)

Lokhu kuhlanganisa izivumelwano nezibopho zomthetho, njengezincwadi zefa nefa. Baqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo avikelekile futhi izingxabano zixazululwa ngokuvumelana nomthetho wamaSulumane.

6. Utshalomali (Muamalat Istithmar)

Ukutshalwa kwezimali kufanele kuthobelane nezimiso zamaSulumane, kugxile emabhizinisini okuziphatha okuhle. Ukutshalwa kwezimali kufanele kugweme izimboni ezithathwa njengeharam (ezinqatshelwe), njengotshwala noma ukugembula.

7. Umshwalense (Takaful)

Lolu uhlobo lokusizana phakathi kwamalungu ukunikeza isivikelo sezezimali ekulahlekelweni noma ekulimaleni, ukuthobela izimiso zamaSulumane zokubambisana nokwabelana ngengozi.

Ukuthuthukiswa Komlando kweMuamalat

IMuamalat inezimpande zayo esikhathini sokuqala samaSulumane, lapho uMphrofethi uMuhammad agcizelela izinqubo zokuhweba ezinobulungiswa kanye nokuziphatha okuhle ekusebenzelaneni komphakathi. Imibhalo eyisisekelo, ehlanganisa iQur'an neHadith, inikeza imihlahlandlela yezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuthengiselana. Imiphakathi yakudala yamaIslamic yasungula izimakethe ezaziwa ngesouk, lapho kwakwenziwa khona izimiso zeMuamalat, ukuqinisekisa ubulungisa, ukungafihli, kanye nokwethembeka.

Njengoba impucuko yamaSulumane ikhula, kwaba yinkimbinkimbi kwezinhlelo zayo zomnotho. Izazi zeGolden Age of Islamzanikela ekuthuthukiseni ukuqonda okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezentengiselwano, okwaholela ekwakhiweni kwezikole ezihlukahlukene zokucabanga. Izikole zeMaliki, iShafi'i, iHanbali, neHanafi zonke zazihumusha izimiso zeMuamalat, ezakha izinqubo ezihluka ngokwezifunda kodwa ezigcina ukunamathela okuyisisekelo ezimfundisweni zamaSulumane.

Izimiso Eziyinhloko zeMuamalat

  • Ubulungiswa Nokulunga: Imisebenzi kumele yenziwe ngendlela efanele ngaphandle kokuxhashazwa noma ukulimala kunoma yiliphi iqembu.
  • Ukwenza izinto ngale: Bonke abathintekayo kufanele babe nokuqonda okucacile kwemigomo yomsebenzi.
  • Umthetho: Konke ukusebenzelana kufanele kuhambisane nomthetho wamaSulumane, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi azikho izinto ezingekho emthethweni (haram) ezihilelekile.
  • Imvume Evumelanayo: Izivumelwano kufanele kungenwe kuzo ngokuzithandela, ngaphandle kokuphoqwa.
  • Ukuzibophezela Komphakathi: Okwenziwayo kufanele kube nomthelela omuhle emphakathini.

Izinhlobo zeMuamalat ngemininingwane

1. Ukuthengiselana Kwezentengiso (Muamalat Tijariyah)

Imisebenzi yezentengiso iyisisekelo somsebenzi wezomnotho wamaSulumane. Izici ezibalulekile zifaka:

  • Ukuthengisa (Bai'):Lokhu kubandakanya ukushintshaniswa kwezimpahla namasevisi. Kufanele ihambisane nemibandela efana nobunikazi, ubunikazi, kanye nezicaciso ezicacile zento.
  • Ukuqashisa (Ijarah):Kubandakanya ukuqasha izimpahla noma izakhiwo. Umqashisi ugcina ubunikazi kuyilapho umqashi ezuza ngokusetshenziswa, ngemibandela ecacile yesikhathi nenkokhelo.
  • Ubambiswano (iMudarabah neMusharakah):IMudarabah yisivumelwano sokwabelana ngenzuzo lapho ingxenye eyodwa ihlinzeka ngemali enkulu kuyilapho enye iphethe ibhizinisi. IMusharakah ibandakanya ukutshalwa kwezimali okuhlanganyelwe kanye nenzuzo eyabiwe kanye nokulahlekelwa.
2. Izinkontileka (Aqad)

Izinkontileka zakha umgogodla weMuamalat. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zihlanganisa:

  • Izinkontileka Zokuthengisa:Kumele icacise inani, into, nezimo zokuthengisa.
  • Izinkontileka Zokuqashwa:Imisebenzi ewuhlaka, isinxephezelo, nobude besikhathi, ukuqinisekisa ukulunga ezinkambisweni zabasebenzi.
  • Izivumelwano Zobambiswano: Chaza izindima, iminikelo, nezindlela zokwabelana ngenzuzo phakathi kozakwethu.
3. Ukuthengiselana Kwezezimali (Muamalat Maliyah)

Izimali zeIslamic zithuthukisa ukutshalwa kwezimali okunezimiso kanye nokwabelana ngenzuzo:

  • Ukwabelana Ngenzuzo Nokulahlekelwa:Imikhiqizo yezezimali kufanele ihambisane nezimiso zamaSulumane,ding riba (inzalo) kanye negharar (ukungaqiniseki okweqile.
  • IIslamic Banking: Ihlinzeka ngemikhiqizo efana neMurabaha(costplus financing) kanye neIjara(lease), ehambisana nomthetho wamaSulumane.
4. Ukuthengiselana Komphakathi (Muamalat Ijtimaiyah)

Imisebenzi yomphakathi ithuthukisa ubudlelwano bomphakathi:

  • Izinkontileka Zomshado (Nikah): Sungula amalungelo nezibopho ebudlelwaneni bomshado.
  • Izipho (Hadiyah):Ikhuthazwa njengendlela yokuqinisa izibopho, ekhombisa ukuphana nokuthakasela.
  • Iminikelo yokupha (iSadaqah neZakat):Ibalulekile enhlalakahleni yomphakathi, ukukhuthaza umuzwa wokuzibophezela komphakathi.
5. Ukuthengiselana Kwezomthetho (Muamalat Qadaiyah)

Imisebenzi esemthethweni ivikela amalungelo futhi inikeze izinhlaka zokuxazulula izingxabano:

  • Izincwadi Zefa kanye Nefa (Wasiyyah): Ukuqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo kwengcebo ngemva kokufa.
  • Ukuxazululwa Kwezingxabano:Kumelwe kube khona izindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano, ngokuvamile ngokusebenzisa ukulamula okusekelwe emigomeni yeIslamic.
6. Utshalomali (Muamalat Istithmar)

Izinqubo zokutshala izimali kufanele zithobele izinkombandlela zokuziphatha:

  • IHalal Investments: Gxila emikhakheni ethobelana nezimiso zamaSulumane.
  • Ukutshalwa Kwezimali Okunomthelela: Ukutshalwa kwezimali kufanele kuhlose ukusiza umphakathi, kuqinisekiswe iminikelo emihle emiphakathini.
7. Umshwalense (Takaful)

ITakaful imele imodeli yokubambisana yomshwalense esekelwe ekuzibophezeleni okwabiwe:

  • Ukwabelana Ngengcuphe:Abahlanganyeli banikela esikhwameni esisodwa, esihlinzeka ngokusekelana ngezikhathi zesidingo.
  • Izinqubo Zokuziphatha:UTakaful ugwema iriba nokungaqiniseki ngokweqile, ehambisana nezimiso zezimali zamaSulumane.

Izicelo Zesimanje ZeMuamalat

Ezikhathini zamanje, izimiso zeMuamalat ziya ngokuya zisebenza:

  • Izikhungo Zezezimali ZamaSulumane:Lezi zikhungo ziyakhula emhlabeni wonke, zihlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zezezimali ezihlukile ezihambisana neSharia.
  • Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga yonke: Njengoba umnotho uxhumene, ukuqonda iMuamalat kubalulekile ekuhwebeni kwamazwe ngamazwe.
  • Ubuchwepheshe:Izinto eziqanjiwe zeFintech zidala amathuba amasha okutshala imali okunezimiso kanye nokubandakanywa kwezezimali.

Izinselele Nokucatshangelwa

Nakuba imigomo yeMuamalat ingaphelelwa isikhathi, izinselele ziyaqhubeka:

  • Ukuhlukahluka Kokuhumusha: Izikole ezihlukene zamaSulumane zingahumusha izimiso ngendlela ehlukile.
  • Izinhlaka Zokulawula: Ohulumeni bangase bantule imithetho egcwele ebusa ezezimali zamaSulumane.
  • Ukuqwashisa Komphakathi: Kunesidingo semfundo ephakeme kanye nokuqwashisa ngezimiso zeMuamalat.
  • Amazinga Okuziphatha:Ukugcina izindinganiso zokuziphatha emikhiqizweni namasevisi emisha kusabalulekile.

Isiphetho

IMuamalat isebenza njengohlaka oluyisiqondiso sokusebenzelana okuhle nokusemthethweni emphakathini. Ngokuqonda izinhlobo nezimiso zayo ezehlukene, abantu ngabanye namabhizinisi bangakwazi ukuzulazula ezindabeni zabo kuyilapho benamathela ezimisweni zamaSulumane. Inhloso enkulu wukwakha umphakathi olinganiselayo, onobulungisa, futhi ophumelelayo obonisa izimfundiso eziyinhloko zeIslam, okhuthaza umuzwa womphakathi nokwesekana kukho konke okwenziwayo. Njengoba sihlolisisa imithelela yesimanje kanye nezinselelo zeMuamalat, kuyacaca ukuthi ukuhlobana kwayo kuyaqhubeka nokukhula, kubumba ikusasa lezezimali zesimilo kanye nobudlelwano bomphakathi.